ESE - Energy Resources and Waste Management (PART 2)

Water Resources and Soil

Pacific Ocean

It covers ⅓ of the Earth’s surface

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic

Name the 5 main areas of the ocean from largest to smallest

Pacific Ocean

Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, South China Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Japan, Mariana Trench (deepest point on Earth, influencing climate, trade, and marine life) - These are found in which area of the ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

It covers ⅕ of the Earth’s surface and separates the continents of America from Europe and Africa

Atlantic Ocean

It played a key role in history, exploration, and global commerce

Atlantic Ocean

Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Sargasso Sea. - These are found in which area of the ocean?

Indian Ocean

This lies between Africa, Asia, Australia, and Indian subcontinent

Indian Ocean

⅕ of the Earth’s surface, important route for trade and travel

Indian Ocean

Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, Laccadive Sea, Red Sea - These are found in which area of the ocean?

Indian Ocean

Area of the ocean that is rich in marine life and natural resources, making it vital for surrounding nations

Southern Ocean

Surrounds Antarctica and regulates Earth’s climate (area of ocean)

Southern Ocean

Weddell Sea, Ross Sea, Amundsen Sea - These are found in which area of the ocean?

Arctic Ocean

Smallest and shallowest ocean, found in North Pole (mostly covered in ice)

Arctic Ocean

Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Beaufort Sea - These are found in which area of the ocean

Freshwater

2.5% of the Earth’s water surface

Ice gaps/glaciers, Groundwater, Surface Water (Rivers and Lakes)

Freshwater:

____ - 1.8%

____ - 0.63%

____ - 0.01%

Groundwater Reservoir

Found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface

Groundwater Reservoir

Largest reservoir of liquid freshwater

Aquifers

Water-bearing rock layers that hold groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and pores between mineral grains

Porosity

Total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock

Permeability

Ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it

Water Resource Management and Conservation:

It involves planning, developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources

Dams, Reservoirs

— and — are built to provide additional water storage

Inter Basin

Transfer of water also augments the water supply in heavily stressed systems

Ipo Transbasin Tunnel

Transfers water from Angat River to La Mesa Dam (Quezon City), augmenting the water supply needed by Metro Manila

La Mesa Water Treatment Plant 1

Largest water treatment plant in the PH; 1,500 million litres per day

P.D 424 of 1974

The law that created the National Water Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resources development.

P.D 1067 of 1967

The law that instituted the Water Code which consolidated the laws governing.

E.O 222 of 1995

The law that established the Presidential Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which was tasked to prepare a nationwide Water conservation Plan.

R.A 8041 (National Water Crisis Act of 1995)

The law that addressed the country’s water problems through an integrated water management program and development of new water resources and conservation of identified watersheds, among other provisions.

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The law that also provided a comprehensive water quality management

Soil

These are the thin covering over the land consisting of a mixture of minerals, organic mineral, living organisms, air and water that together support the growth of organisms such as plant life

Soil

One of the principal substrata of life on Earth, serving as a reservoir of water and nutrients, as a medium for the filtration and breakdown of injurious wastes, and as a participant in the cycling of carbon and other elements through the global ecosystem

Soil

It has evolved through weathering processes driven by biological, climatic, geologic, and topographic influences.

Catalhoyuk

Neolithic site in Anatolia that couldn't have been built by hunter-gatherers, suggests Prof. Israel Hershkovitz

Mineral Particles, Water, Air, Organic Matter

Complete the components of soil according to their percentage

____ - 45%

____ - 25%

____ - 25%

____- 5%

Humus, Organisms, Roots

Complete the components of organic matter according to their percentage

____ - 80%

____ - 10%

____ - 10%

Clay, Loam, Sand, Silt

4 types of soil

Parent Materials, Residual Soils, Erosion, Mass Wasting, Transported Soil

Fill in the blanks (soil formation):

1. _____, the rocks after weathering, become ____ through ____ or ____, then finally becomes _____.

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. _____

Temperature, Moisture

Different weathering patterns can be because of ___ and amounts of ___

Wind

It is the agent of soil erosion

Climate

The amount, intensity, timing and kind of precipitation influencing soil formation.

Climate

Seasonal and daily changes in temperature affecting the kinds of vegetation.

Topography

The term for slope, which affects the moisture and temperature of the soil

Organisms

These affect soil formations

Animals and Microorganisms

These organisms mix soil to form burrows and pores

Plants

These weather the rocks and soil as they grow

It doesn’t. Soil formation is continuous

When does soil formation stop?

Time

Deposition from a flood buries the surface and underlying horizons

Soil Properties

It may include soil texture, structure, atmosphere moisture, biotic content and chemical composition.

Soil Texture

It is determined by the size of minerals particles within the soil.

Soil Profile

It is the idealized vertical cross section from the ground surface down to the parent rock.

1. Clay

2. Sandy Clay

3. Silty Clay

4. Clay Loam

5. Silty Clay Loam

6. Sandy Clay Loam

7. Loam

8. Silt Loam

9. Sandy Loam

10. Silt

11. Loamy Sand

12. Sand

Complete the soil profile: (CHOICES)
SAND - LOAMY SAND - LOAM - SANDY LOAM - SILT - SILT LOAM - CLAY - SILTY CLAY - SILTY CLAY LOAM - SANDY CLAY - SANDY CLAY LOAM - CLAY LOAM

O Horizon

Soil horizon that consists organic matter at various stages of decomposition, including bacteria, algae, and insects

Humus

It is the partly decimposed organic matter found in the O Horizon

A Horizon

Soil horizon where the topsoil of leaching from the percolation of water has removed some clays and soluble ions that consists of minerals and humus, being rich in organic matter

E Horizon

Soil horizon where there are light colored mineral particles that contains little organic material

E Horizon

Soil horizon that is considered as the zone of eluviation and leaching

B Horizon

Soil horizon where there is subsoil accumulation and is dominated by clay

C Horizon

Soil horizon where there is transition from soil profile to the unweathered parent material below

R Horizon

Soil horizon where bed rock or unweathered parent material are found

1. O Horizon

2. A Horizon

3. E Horizon

4. B Horizon

5. C Horizon

6. R Horizon

Complete the soil horizons

Soil Conservation Practice

The amount of agricultural activities that soil can be used for are determined by soil structure and texture, drainage, fertility, rockiness, slope of the land, amount and nature of rainfall and climate conditions.

Contour Farming

Simplest method for preventing soil erosion

Contour Farming

It refers to the titling at right angles to the slope of the land.

Strip Farming

Commonly practiced on a slope that is too steep or too long.

Strip Farming

Alternating strips of closely sown crops such as corn. The closely sown crops stop the flow of water

Terracing Farming

One practical method of preventing soil erosion on very steep land.

Terracing Farming

These are level areas constructed at right angles to the slope to retain water and greatly reduce the amount of erosion.

Windbreaks

Planting trees or other plants that protect bare soil from the full force of the wind.

Windbreaks

This may reduce the speed of wind and decrease the amount of soil that is carried away.

Contour Farming, Strip Farming, Terracing Farming, Windbreaks

Enumerate the 4 methods to conserve soil

Solid, Liquid, Gaseous

Classification of waste

R.A 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

The law that provides systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management policies that ensures the protection of human health and the environment and maximizes the utilization of valuable resources, among others

Reduce

Limiting the amount of generation of waste

Reuse

Recovery of materials by using it for a same or different purpose without changing its physical or chemical properties

Recycle

Converting any used material or waste into a new product

Segregation

Practice of separating solid wastes at the point of origin

Collection

Removal of solid waste from the source, done by local authorities

Production of new product

Original product loses identity and may be used as raw material for the production of goods or services

Composting

Controlled decomposition

Incineration

Combustion of waste materials

Landfill

Waste disposal site

R.A 9512 (National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008)

An act/law to promote environmental awareness through environmental education and for other purposes

Liquid Waste

This type of waste is in: Industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural operations, community, household activities ; Agricultural Waste, Domestic Waste, industrial wastewater, sewage

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

An act/law providing comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes; The state shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation, and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish, and marine waters

Gaseous Waste

Waste that uses different energy sources, causing air pollution

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

This gas comes from burning fossil fuels

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

This gas comes from burning of automobile and power plant fuels

Hydrocarbons

This gas comes from transportation vehicles

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

This gas comes from internal combustion engines

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

This gas comes from burning of coal

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

The gas that comes from geothermal power plants

Methane (CH4)

The gas that comes from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter

R.A 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)

• The state shall protect and advance the right of people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature

• Promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems

R.A 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)

Law where the saying “polluters must pay” is added