Microbial Diseases

What type of microorganisms are seen on our skin?

Gram +, Salt-tolerant, Staphylococci/Micrococci

Corynebacterium xerosis

aerobes on the skin

Propionibacterium acnes

anaerobes in the hair follicles

Does S. aureus have catalase and coagulase?

yes

S. aureus survives in the ___________________

phagolysosome

Folliculitis

inflammation of the hair follicles

Sty

folliculitis of an eyelash

Furuncle

Abscess; pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Carbuncle

Inflammation of tissue under the skin

Impetigo

crusting sores, spread by autoinoculation

A mannitol salt agar plate is used to distinguish different species of...

staphylococci

What does S. aureus produce that changes the color to yellow on the MSA plate?

acid, due to mannitol fermentation

SSSS (staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome)

results in large regions of peeling, dead skin

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Extremely serious condition that can be quickly fatal if not treated appropriately. abrupt onset of high fever, hypotension, a diffuse erythematous rash swollen "strawberry tongue."

Comedonal Acne (mild)

Sebum channels blocked with shed cells

Propionibacterium acnes is known to cause...

inflammatory acne (moderate)

Nodular Cystic Acne (severe)

Inflamed lesions with pus deep in the skin

What medication is used to treat nodular cystic acne?

isotretinoin

Streptococcus pyogenes is a type of...

skin infection

_____________________ is a group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

S. pyogenes

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

-M proteins
-Complex with fibrinogen
-Binds to neutrophils
-Activates neutrophils
-Release of damaging enzymes
-Shock and organ damage

Cellulitis, Erysipelas, and Erythema nodosum is mainly caused by...

S. pyogenes

What organism causes necrotizing fasciitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Warts are caused by what virus?

papillomaviruses

Plantar Warts

warts that develop on the soles of the foot, grow inward, and can become painful

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)

This virus causes fever blisters/ cold sores

HSV-1 can remain latent in the....

trigeminal nerve ganglia

Herpes gladiatorum

vesicles on the skin

Herpetic whitlow

vesicles on fingers

Rubella is also known as

German measles

Rubella virus causes...

macular rash and fever

Congenital rubella syndrome

causes severe fetal damage

What virus is Chickenpox caused by?

varicella zoster virus (human herpesvirus 3)

Can Chickenpox remain latent in the dorsal root ganglia?

yes

Shingles

reactivation of latent HHV-3 (chickenpox) releases viruses that move along peripheral nerves to skin

The top part of the skin, which is exposed to the environment is called:

the epidermis

All of the following are normal microbiota of the Skin EXCEPT

Streptococcus

A deep lesion that develops from multiple boils is called a:

carbuncle

Which bacterial genus is commonly associated with acne?

Propionibacterium

A highly contagious infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that causes vesicles, pustules, and bullae which form encrusted sores is called:

Impetigo

What is the prevention method for shingles?

live attenuated vaccine

Vitreous Humor

sterile part of the eyeball

Conjunctiva

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball

True or False? Microbes do not live on the conjunctiva

False, microbes do live on the conjunctiva

Conjuntivitis (pink eye)

inflammation of the conjunctiva

Haemophilus influenzae commonly causes...

pink eye

What is conjunctivitis associated with?

unsanitary contact lenses

Blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

Keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

Bacterial Keratitis is most frequently caused by __________________ or ___________________

S. epidermidis, P. aeriginosa

Ophthalmia neonatorum

conjuctivitis of the newborn. Neisseria gonorrhoeae present in the birth canal infect the eyes of the baby. Silver nitrate or tetracycline is used for treatment.

Chlamydia trachomatis (neonates)

causes inclusion conjunctivitis in neonates, transmitted during birth

Chlamydia trachomatis

causes trachoma or granular conjunctivitis

What disease is the leading cause of blindness worldwide?

Chlamydia trachomatis

What microbe causes the STD lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and is common on college campuses?

Chlamydia trachomatis

Trichiasis

condition caused by eyelashes growing backward and coming in contact with the eye

Meningies

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

What are the three layers of meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Arachoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

Subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater

Innermost layer of the meninges

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

Encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

Meningoencephalitis

inflammation of the meninges and brain

Bacterial Meningitis symptoms

Fever, headache, and stiff neck
Followed by nausea and vomiting
May progress to convulsions and coma

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed?

gram stain and latex agglutination of CSF

_______________ and ______________ are sed to treat bacterial meningitis

Cephalosporins, Vancomycin

Neisseria meningitis is also called ____________ meningitis

meningoccocal

What percentage of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers of Neisseria (meningococcal) Meningitis?

10%

Vaccination (B, C, Y, W-135 capsule) is recommended for college students for which disease?

Neisseria (meningococcal) Meningitis

Streptococcal Pneumonia Meningitis is also called...

pneumococcal meningitis

What bacteria causes pneumococcal meningitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What percentage of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers of pneumococcal meningitis?

70%

PCV13

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis

Occurs mostly in children (6 months to 4 years)
Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota

Hib Vaccine

Prevents Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

Tetanus is caused by...

Clostridium tetani

Characteristics of Clostridium tetani

gram +, endospore forming, obligate anaerobe

Tetanospasmin (lockjaw)

neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetani that causes rigid muscle paralysis

Tetanus toxoid (DPT)

vaccine that prevents tetanus

Opisthotonos

tetanic spasm in which the head and tail are bent dorsally and the back is arched

Clostridium botulinum causes...

botulism

Botulism intoxication comes from...

ingesting botulinal toxin

Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing ______________ ________________

flaccid paralysis

Two prevention methods for botulism

proper canning and Nitrites

Infant Botulism

C. botulinum growing in the intestines of infants due to a lack of intestinal microbiota
Associated with honey

Wound botulism

growth of C. botulinum in wounds

HSV-2

genital herpes

Which of the viruses can spread to the eye to cause keratitis?

HSV-1

What does it mean to say that HSV-1 is often latent?

it undergoes periods of inactivity when it resides in the trigeminal nerve ganglia and does not cause symptoms

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Trachoma or Granular Conjunctivitis affects what age group?

Adults

What age is pneumococcal meningitis most common in?

1mo-4 years

What age group does haemophilus influenzae meningitis effects?

6mo to 4 years

DPT vaccine

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

DPT vaccine

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus