FULL topic 8 study guide

Atom

Smallest particle of matter

Electron

Negative charge in an atom found in the Nucleus

Neutron

Neutral particle in an atom found in the Nucleus

Proton

Positive particle in an atom found in the Nucleus

Atomic Number

Identifies the atom, #of protons. Can also be identified as the number of electrons

Isotope

Elemtsm that are the same but have a different number of Neutrons

Periodic table

Organized table of the elements in our world

Chemical Symbols

Short-hand version of the elements name; based on the 1st letter or two of the element name or its Latin name

Period

Rows going across on the table (Horizontal)

Groups

Columns going up and down on the table (Vertical)

Compound

Substance made of two or more elements

Valence electrons

Outer shell electrons

Malleable

Metal physical property; can be pounded flat or shaped easily (Think of a mallet [A hammer])

Ductile

Metal physical property; can be coiled into a wire

Luster

Metal physical property; shiny or reflective

Semiconductor

Can conduct electricity under certain conditions (Metalloid-Silicon)

Ion

A positive or negative charred atom

Polymatic Ion

Groups of atoms with an ionic charge (Think of poly and ions, poly means many)

Ionic bond

A bond between metal+nonmetals (The box and squiggly line bonds)

Covalent bond

Nonmetal + Nonmetal (Sharing electrons bond [infinity symbol)

Molecule

Formed when nm + nm join and become neutral

Polar

Unequal sharing of electrons (Occurs in a covalent bond) - Any nonmetal with hydrogen

Nonpolar

Equal sharing of electrons (Occurs in a covalent bond)

Periodic

Patterns that are repeating (Days of the week, moon phases, the months of the year)

Stable

Atoms that have their outer shell full of electrons

Reactive

Elements that form compounds because their outer shell is not full of electrons

Dimitri Mendeleev

The first scientist to make a periodic table

Part 2 - History of the atom

Draw the atomic models

Dalton

Sphere; developed the first atomic theory

J.J Thompson

Discovered the electrons inside the nucleus (chocolate chip ice cream)

Rutherford

Gold foil experiment, discovered the protons and the positive nucleus

Bohr

Electrons orbit the nucleus (the one we draw

Cloud model

Electrons do not have a fixed location in the cloud (A area that has electrons just moving around)

Modern model

The only model that has neutrons

Part three - The periodic table

Describe where these groups are found (Group number) On the periodic table and a property that these families have

Lanthanides and Actindies

Bottom 2 rows; rare earth metals and lots of man-made radioactive metals

Transuranium Elements

Elements with an atomic number greater than 92, any element past uranium

Akali Metals

Group 1, very reactive, 1 valence electron

Alkaline earth metals

Group 2, reactive, 2 valence electrons

Transition metals

Groups 3-12, good conductors of heat/electricity, shiny, nonreactive, high melting point

Noble Gases

Group 18, stable elements, all gases

Halogens

Group 17, most reactive nonmetals, salt makers

Part four

Location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, using a periodic table, state whether the element is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.

Aluminum

Metal

Potassium

Metal

Nitrogen

Nonmetal

Silicon

Metalloid

Calcium

Metal

Oxygen

Nonmetal

Argon

Nonmetal

List the properties that are characteristically associated with metals:

Ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, shiny, malleable

List the properties that are characteristically associated with nonmetals

Poor conductors of heat and electricity, those that are solids are brittle, not shiny, not ductile, not malleable

List the property associated with metalloids

Have properties of both metal and nonmetals, semiconductors

Draw the electron dot diagram for Nitrogen and Calcium

Draw the electron dot diagram for Calcium

Draw the Bhor model for the electron Sodium (Show the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in their shells)

Na, 11 protons, 12 neutrons, shells 2, 8, 1

What are the similarities and differences of ionic and covalent bonds?

They are both types of bonds, they both contain nonmetals.

Differences:

Ionic = Metal+nonmetal, transfer of electrons, ions formed, solids at room temperature, high melting points, and can conduct electricity