A and P FInal Exam

The skin plays an important role in maintaining core temp by

excreting sweat or shivering depending on if we are too hot or too cold

What causes a blood stem cell to differentiate into a particular blood cell?

Which hormone or cytokine binds its receptor location in the plasma membrane of the blood stem cell.

What refers to the body’s ability to continuously monitor and adjust different internal factors to maintain a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis

In anatomical position the feet are _____ to the head

inferior

What is true of the epidermis

it is avascular, it is where our cells that make melanin and keratin are located, it is made up of epithelial tissue, and it is the most superficial layer of the skin

What is not true of the epidermis?

It is the most superior layer of the skin

What is under involuntary control of our nervous system?

Smooth muscle, and cardiac heart muscle

What is not true of cancer?

If there’s a tumor then you have cancer

Metastasis

if cancer cells break off of a tumor and migrate to important organs

Not true of pH

If the pH is high, then acidity (H+) is high

pH in blood

7.35-7.45

Different compartments of the body

Have different optimum ranges for their pH

pH measures

the [H+] of a water based solution

In the naming of epithelial tissues the first word indicates the # of layers of tissues and second word indicates

the shape of the cells

Not a sub-type of connective tissue

cardiac muscle

Sub type of connective tissue

bone, cartilage, and blood

What is the anatomy of the stomach?

It is on the left side of body inferior to the diaphragm

Not true of the liver

Its anatomy is on the left side

Liver is

posterior and a little inferior to the gallbladder (anatomy right side)

The esophagus is ____ to the trachea?

posterior

Which organ has sense and nerve receptors (detectors) that pick up information about what the conditions are outside our bodies and send that information to our spinal cord and brain to be interpreted (processed)?

the skin

When a connective tissue has more elastin fibers than collagen fibers in its _____ it will appear yellowish in the gross anatomy and be able to ____

extracellular matrix, stretch

Which of the following are tough connective tissue fibers that are strong, resist stress and strain (they don’t allow stretching)?

collagen fibers

Why is some exposure to sunlight needed for good health?

The ultraviolet rays striking our skin start the conversion of Vitamin D to its active form

All cells have

a plasma membrane

Which type of skin cancer is the most serious because it can migrate deep into the body rapidly from the initial site?

melanoma

In anatomical position the hands are ____ to the thighs?

lateral

Not true of factors or variables under homeostatic control

There are just 5 variables under homeostatic control including [glucose] & [Ca2+] in blood

In the hierarchy of homeostatic systems which of the following will be protected above all others (or first) when there are limited body resources?

The brain

Not true of blood cells

Blood cells always mean red blood cells

Most descriptive (accurate) of organs

They are structures in or on the body made up of usually 4 diff tissues

Not one of the major categories of tissues

bone tissue

What is it called when calcium ion [Ca2+] in the blood gets higher then 9mg/100mL and osteoblasts pull that calcium out of the blood into the bone tissues extracellular matrix as calcium crystals?

Deposition

What is it called when holes form in the trabeculae of some spongy bone making them susceptible to crumbling fractures?

Osteoporosis

Compact bone is organized into cylinder-like arrangement that are called ____ and the bone very ____

osteons, heavy and dense

What tendon does not have a protective sheath?

Achilles’ tendon

Why is the human fetus scaffolding cartilage and fibrous connective tissue membranes and not bone?

They are softer and more flexible than bone so they can stretch and expand as the fetus grows and bones are too stiff for this

Bone process that is completed by birth(full gestation)

Bone development (ossification)

type of nervous tissue cells that cannot make copies of themselves (go through cellular division) but can generate and transmit nerve impulses

neurons

What does “glands are very vascular” mean?

That they have a lot of blood vessels going through them

Protective against osteoporosis:

more melanin, bigger body frame(with more weight), plenty of estrogens being secreted (not menopausal)

Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone when [Ca2+] in the blood ____ out of range and parathyroid hormone then binds and activates _____

decreases, osteoclasts

Anatomy of the largest tendon in the body

It is called the Achilles tendon and it connects the calf (gastrocnemius) muscle to the heel bone

Compact bone

is organized into cylinder-like columns called osteons

When the target of a nerve impulse is a muscle cell. then you call the synapse

the neuromuscular junction

Where are actin and myosin filaments located?

Within muscle cells

not true of synovial joints

the less ligaments that join the ends of the bone of the joint, the more stable the joint is

What is the name of the region where actin and myosin filaments slide in the muscle cell?

The sarcomere

Not the reason that [Ca2+] needs to be 9-11 mg/100 mL

to make our bones strong

Would not be a target of neurotransmitters diffusing across a synapse

acetylcholine

Osteoporosis happens because

homeostatic systems are trying to maintain [Ca2+] in the blood within its optimum range

Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in triggering actin and myosin filaments to slide?

acetylcholine plays a major role

Does not join (articulate) with any other bones

hyoid

If the [Ca2+] starts to move towards 8.0 mg/100mL of blood, what will happen next?

parathyroid hormone will get secreted by the parathyroid glands (usually 4 of them)

Bone is a sub-type of what major type of tissue?

connective tissue

Not true of glands

They secrete neurotransmitters

Anatomy of the hyoid

It is attatched to muscles at the base of the tongue in upper neck area

Not true of gray matter

It appears gray due to the clumping of myelin (Nissl bodies)

If clumps of misfolded proteins (tangles and amyloid plaques) form within the neurons and/or within the extracellular matrix of the brain tissue, this can lead to the development of _____

Cognitive decline (dementia)

Not true of atrophy

It is due to an over-use of a body part

Not true of nerves

They are microscopic cells that could be glial(supporting) cells or neurons

Not true of the Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

It is under voluntary control of your nervous system

After sound waves are funneled through the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) the pressure (sound) waves impact the ___ causing it to _______

tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrate back and forth

The processing of information occurs in?

The gray matter of your central nervous system

Where do fluids such as synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor (eye juice) of the eyeball come from or originate from?

plasma of the blood

What is it called when a stimulus reaches a resting(ready) neuron and causes Na+ (sodium ions) to rush into the neuron at a local region on the plasma membrane that causes a disturbance that propagates(is passed) along the neuron as a nerve impulse?

depolarization

The part of your nervous system that is the most devastating to the patient if it gets damaged

brainstem

Not true of adrenal glands

the outer covering is called the adrenal medulla

Why is the Cranial Nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) actually a wrapping of 2 merged nerves?

Because there are two senses (hearing and balance) houses in our ears

Hormones are _____ secreted by glands into the ______

substances, blood

Not true of insulin

It is not soluble in water/blood so it needs to be injected

Correct anatomy of the hypothalamus

It is superior to the pituitary in the brain

Where in the ear is the converter for sound, which are hair cells, located?

in the cochlea

Hormones signal cells to do something, but only if that hormone _____ to its ______ receptor(protein complex) embedded in the plasma membrane of a target cell.

binds, hormone

Plays an important role in the regulating core body temp, appetite, the endocrine system and sleep/wake cycle?

The hypothalamus

Not true of hair cells

They are in the middle ear and lateral to the cochlea

Included in the Central Nervous System

Brain, cranial nerves I-XII, Brainstem

Not true of the limbic system?

It is called the endocrine system

Major category of tissue responsible for the brain’s physiology

nervous tissue

The skull is ____ to the brain

superficial

Where do nerve impulses that travel along Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulochochlear nerve) get processed?

The temporal cortex of the brain

To make testosterone, the estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol and calcitriol (Vitamin D the hormone) the body starts with (requires)

cholesterol