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The skin plays an important role in maintaining core temp by
excreting sweat or shivering depending on if we are too hot or too cold
What causes a blood stem cell to differentiate into a particular blood cell?
Which hormone or cytokine binds its receptor location in the plasma membrane of the blood stem cell.
What refers to the body’s ability to continuously monitor and adjust different internal factors to maintain a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
In anatomical position the feet are _____ to the head
inferior
What is true of the epidermis
it is avascular, it is where our cells that make melanin and keratin are located, it is made up of epithelial tissue, and it is the most superficial layer of the skin
What is not true of the epidermis?
It is the most superior layer of the skin
What is under involuntary control of our nervous system?
Smooth muscle, and cardiac heart muscle
What is not true of cancer?
If there’s a tumor then you have cancer
Metastasis
if cancer cells break off of a tumor and migrate to important organs
Not true of pH
If the pH is high, then acidity (H+) is high
pH in blood
7.35-7.45
Different compartments of the body
Have different optimum ranges for their pH
pH measures
the [H+] of a water based solution
In the naming of epithelial tissues the first word indicates the # of layers of tissues and second word indicates
the shape of the cells
Not a sub-type of connective tissue
cardiac muscle
Sub type of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, and blood
What is the anatomy of the stomach?
It is on the left side of body inferior to the diaphragm
Not true of the liver
Its anatomy is on the left side
Liver is
posterior and a little inferior to the gallbladder (anatomy right side)
The esophagus is ____ to the trachea?
posterior
Which organ has sense and nerve receptors (detectors) that pick up information about what the conditions are outside our bodies and send that information to our spinal cord and brain to be interpreted (processed)?
the skin
When a connective tissue has more elastin fibers than collagen fibers in its _____ it will appear yellowish in the gross anatomy and be able to ____
extracellular matrix, stretch
Which of the following are tough connective tissue fibers that are strong, resist stress and strain (they don’t allow stretching)?
collagen fibers
Why is some exposure to sunlight needed for good health?
The ultraviolet rays striking our skin start the conversion of Vitamin D to its active form
All cells have
a plasma membrane
Which type of skin cancer is the most serious because it can migrate deep into the body rapidly from the initial site?
melanoma
In anatomical position the hands are ____ to the thighs?
lateral
Not true of factors or variables under homeostatic control
There are just 5 variables under homeostatic control including [glucose] & [Ca2+] in blood
In the hierarchy of homeostatic systems which of the following will be protected above all others (or first) when there are limited body resources?
The brain
Not true of blood cells
Blood cells always mean red blood cells
Most descriptive (accurate) of organs
They are structures in or on the body made up of usually 4 diff tissues
Not one of the major categories of tissues
bone tissue
What is it called when calcium ion [Ca2+] in the blood gets higher then 9mg/100mL and osteoblasts pull that calcium out of the blood into the bone tissues extracellular matrix as calcium crystals?
Deposition
What is it called when holes form in the trabeculae of some spongy bone making them susceptible to crumbling fractures?
Osteoporosis
Compact bone is organized into cylinder-like arrangement that are called ____ and the bone very ____
osteons, heavy and dense
What tendon does not have a protective sheath?
Achilles’ tendon
Why is the human fetus scaffolding cartilage and fibrous connective tissue membranes and not bone?
They are softer and more flexible than bone so they can stretch and expand as the fetus grows and bones are too stiff for this
Bone process that is completed by birth(full gestation)
Bone development (ossification)
type of nervous tissue cells that cannot make copies of themselves (go through cellular division) but can generate and transmit nerve impulses
neurons
What does “glands are very vascular” mean?
That they have a lot of blood vessels going through them
Protective against osteoporosis:
more melanin, bigger body frame(with more weight), plenty of estrogens being secreted (not menopausal)
Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone when [Ca2+] in the blood ____ out of range and parathyroid hormone then binds and activates _____
decreases, osteoclasts
Anatomy of the largest tendon in the body
It is called the Achilles tendon and it connects the calf (gastrocnemius) muscle to the heel bone
Compact bone
is organized into cylinder-like columns called osteons
When the target of a nerve impulse is a muscle cell. then you call the synapse
the neuromuscular junction
Where are actin and myosin filaments located?
Within muscle cells
not true of synovial joints
the less ligaments that join the ends of the bone of the joint, the more stable the joint is
What is the name of the region where actin and myosin filaments slide in the muscle cell?
The sarcomere
Not the reason that [Ca2+] needs to be 9-11 mg/100 mL
to make our bones strong
Would not be a target of neurotransmitters diffusing across a synapse
acetylcholine
Osteoporosis happens because
homeostatic systems are trying to maintain [Ca2+] in the blood within its optimum range
Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in triggering actin and myosin filaments to slide?
acetylcholine plays a major role
Does not join (articulate) with any other bones
hyoid
If the [Ca2+] starts to move towards 8.0 mg/100mL of blood, what will happen next?
parathyroid hormone will get secreted by the parathyroid glands (usually 4 of them)
Bone is a sub-type of what major type of tissue?
connective tissue
Not true of glands
They secrete neurotransmitters
Anatomy of the hyoid
It is attatched to muscles at the base of the tongue in upper neck area
Not true of gray matter
It appears gray due to the clumping of myelin (Nissl bodies)
If clumps of misfolded proteins (tangles and amyloid plaques) form within the neurons and/or within the extracellular matrix of the brain tissue, this can lead to the development of _____
Cognitive decline (dementia)
Not true of atrophy
It is due to an over-use of a body part
Not true of nerves
They are microscopic cells that could be glial(supporting) cells or neurons
Not true of the Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
It is under voluntary control of your nervous system
After sound waves are funneled through the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) the pressure (sound) waves impact the ___ causing it to _______
tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrate back and forth
The processing of information occurs in?
The gray matter of your central nervous system
Where do fluids such as synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor (eye juice) of the eyeball come from or originate from?
plasma of the blood
What is it called when a stimulus reaches a resting(ready) neuron and causes Na+ (sodium ions) to rush into the neuron at a local region on the plasma membrane that causes a disturbance that propagates(is passed) along the neuron as a nerve impulse?
depolarization
The part of your nervous system that is the most devastating to the patient if it gets damaged
brainstem
Not true of adrenal glands
the outer covering is called the adrenal medulla
Why is the Cranial Nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) actually a wrapping of 2 merged nerves?
Because there are two senses (hearing and balance) houses in our ears
Hormones are _____ secreted by glands into the ______
substances, blood
Not true of insulin
It is not soluble in water/blood so it needs to be injected
Correct anatomy of the hypothalamus
It is superior to the pituitary in the brain
Where in the ear is the converter for sound, which are hair cells, located?
in the cochlea
Hormones signal cells to do something, but only if that hormone _____ to its ______ receptor(protein complex) embedded in the plasma membrane of a target cell.
binds, hormone
Plays an important role in the regulating core body temp, appetite, the endocrine system and sleep/wake cycle?
The hypothalamus
Not true of hair cells
They are in the middle ear and lateral to the cochlea
Included in the Central Nervous System
Brain, cranial nerves I-XII, Brainstem
Not true of the limbic system?
It is called the endocrine system
Major category of tissue responsible for the brain’s physiology
nervous tissue
The skull is ____ to the brain
superficial
Where do nerve impulses that travel along Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulochochlear nerve) get processed?
The temporal cortex of the brain
To make testosterone, the estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol and calcitriol (Vitamin D the hormone) the body starts with (requires)
cholesterol