Human Nutrition Exam 3

____ is the minimum amount of energy you need to function.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

____ is the most dependable for BMR.

lean body mass

The ____ affects your energy needs.

Thermic effect f food

_____ is the amount of calories expended to digest, absorb, and process food.

Thermic effect of food

Most of the vegetables and fruits like tomato, cantaloupe, strawberries, broccoli, cauliflower or like broth based soups are the examples of what type of energy density of foods.

Low

Bagels, hard cooked eggs, dried fruits, lean sirloin streak, hummus, whole wheat bread, and part skim mozzarella cheese are the examples of what type of energy density of foods?

Medium

Chips, cookies, crackers, cakes, pastries, butter, oil, and bacon are the example of what type of energy density food?

high

Define the term for types of bad habit: Change behaviors that contribute to weight gain or impede weight loss.

behavior modification

When an obese person takes less than 800 calories a day, what type of diet is that?

Very-low-calorie diets

What are the type of surgeries to treat obesity?

gastric bypass, gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy

In ____, the stomach is closed off and a small pouch is left that can hold about ¼ cup of food at a time.

Gastric bypass

In _____, a silicone band is placed around the top of the stomach to greatly reduce its size.

Gastric banding

In _____, a vertical band of the stomach is created, leaving a narrower tube or “sleeve”

Sleeve gastrostomy

_____ is the common result of fad diets.

Weight cycling

Physical activity can close the _____, which is easier than further reducing caloric intake.

Energy gap

What is the abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet specific criteria for eating disorders?

Disordered eating

_____ is the psychological; illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and other factors.

Eating disorders

_____ results from severe calorie restriction.

Anorexia nervosa

_____ involves cycle of binge eating and purging

Bulimia nervosa

_____ can include self-induced vomiting; excessive exercising; strict dieting or fasting; abuse of diet pills, laxatives, diuretics.

Purging

______ involves compulsive overeating (without purging)

Binge eating disorder

Define the term: Desire to consume nonnutritive substances (clay, dirt, chalk).

Pica

Healthy to righteous eating is known as?

Orthorexia

____ is the combination of eating, sleep, mood disorder.

Night eating syndrome

_____ is the thoughts and feelings an individual has about the attractiveness of his/her body.

Body image

Scar tissue on knuckles of fingers used to induce vomiting is known as?

Russell’s sign

Define the term: Good health or physical; condition, primarily the result of exercise and proper nutrition.

Physical fitness

Good health or physical condition, primarily the result of ____ and proper nutrition

Exercise

_____ is the ability to sustain cardiorespiratory exercise for extend time.

Cardiorespiratory endurance

______ is the ability to produce force for brief time.

Muscle Strength

____ is the ability to exert force for a long period of time without fatigue.

Muscle endurance

____ is the range of motion around a joint.

Flexibility

_____ is the proportion of muscle, fat, and other body tissues that make up body weight.

Body composition

How can you achieve good fitness goals like, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer?

By maintaining physical fitness

How can you improve body composition, bone health, and immune function?

By maintaining physical fitness

_____ training can improve muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition.

Strength training

Low number of repetitions using heavy weights help to ____

Increase muscle strength

High number of repetition using lighter weight to

Increase muscle endurance

It is important to rest between sets of an exercise and between workouts to prevent ____ and ___

Muscle strains and injury

The _____ can help you design a fitness program.

FIIT Principle (frequency, intensity, time, type)

_____ is a self-assessment that measures intensity of cardiorespiratory exercise.

Rate of perceived exertion (RPE)

______ shows exercise intensity through heart rate (percentage of maximum)

Target heart rate

____ refers to intensity of strength training.

Repetition maximum (RM)

The ______ can help improve fitness over time.

Progressive overload principle

Energy during first few minutes of physical activity is provided by _____

Anaerobic energy production

Anaerobic energy production is the breakdown of ____ and ____

ATP and Creatine phosphate

Carbohydrate and fatty acids broken down to yield ATP energy via _____ metabolism

Aerobic

______ is the primary energy source during high-intensity exercise.

Carbohydrate

_____- maintains normal blood glucose

Liver glycogen

_____ is produced at high exercise intensities and shuttled to other tissues.

Lactic acid

______ is used for energy during low- intensity exercise.

Lactic acid

____ is the primary energy source during low-intensity exercise.

Fat

What are the two forms of fatty forms

Fatty acids in adipose tissue and in muscle tissue

Low-intensity exercise uses mostly fatfrom ____

Adipose tissue

Moderate-intensity exercise uses mostly fatty acids from ___

Muscle triglycerides

____ zone is 65-73% of maximum heart rate

Fat-burning

_____ zone is >73% of maximum heart rate.

Cardio

_____ is needed to promote muscle growth and recovery.

amino acids

Amino acids are converted to glucose in ____

liver

Low _____ levels can reduce hemoglobin and blood’s ability to transport oxygen to cells, causing early fatigue during exercise.

Iron

____ is required to reduce risk brine fracture.

Calcium

____ have the higher needs with physical activity.

Magnesium

_____ is the type of dehydration when not adequately hydrates over a short period of time.

Acute dehydration

_____ is the type of dehydration when not adequately hydrates over extended periods of time

Chronic dehydration

Define the term: Low sodium blood levels due to consuming too much water without electrolytes.

Hyponatremia

____ enhances athletic performance, mostly during endurance events.

Caffeine

______ Improves high-intensity, short-duration activities
(like weight training) that rely on anaerobic metabolism

Creatine

____ testosterone-based substances that promote muscle growth and strength (anabolic effect)

Anabolic steroids

____ is increases muscle mass and reduces body fat but does
not increase muscle strength

Growth Hormone

_____ is used to increase oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Erythropoietin and blood doping

____ Can increase blood viscosity, increase risk of stroke
and heart attack

Erythropoietin and blood doping

Fill in the blanks: The ____ directs the sound wave into the external auditory meatus and it hits the _____ membrane. This cause motion of the _____ and goes into the middle ear by way of the the _____. Then from here it goes to the inner ear abdomen stimulus the ___ cells on the organ of ____. Initiates a nerve impulse to the ____ branch of cranial nerve VIII.

Pinna, tympanic membrane.. eardrum. auditory ossicles. hair cells, organ of Corti. Cochlear.

______ is the ability to emit vocal sounds of ultrasonic frequencies in a specific pattern and to detect the reflection of these from distant objects.

Echolocation

What are the examples of echolocation?

insectivorous bats, shrews, some birds, and whales use this for navigation

The eye is composed of the ___, ___ and ____.

Globe, optic nerve and accessory structures.

What are the accessory structures?

eyelids, conjunctivae, lacrimal apparatus, muscles

What are the three layers of the eye?

• Fibrous tunic

• Middle tunic

• Inner tunic

For eye, what is the outermost part and is the supporting layer. Composed of the anterior cornea(clear) and posterior sclera (white).

Fibrous tunic

For eye, which layer is vascular tunic. Composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.

Middle tunic

In eye, which layer is nerve and light sensitive. Composed of several layers

Inner tunic

Where are the light sensitive cell layers are located? What are the light sensitive cell layers?

inner tunic. Rods- black/white vision and cones- color Vision

Which receptor convert light to nerve impulses? Which layer are they located in?

Rods and cones. Inner tunic

What is the transparent front area of the sclera? What does it do? Is it vascular or avascular. Inflammation of this creates a ___ appearance.

Cornea. allows entrance of light. avascular. Blue appearance

_____ is the space behind iris and forward from the lens.

Posterior chamber

_____ is the space behind the cornea and in front of the iris.

Anterior chamber

Ciliary body has ciliary processes that secrete liquid into the ___ chamber called ______.

posterior, aqueous humor

_____ chamber is behind the lens and occupies most of the volume of the eyeball. it is a thicker substance.

Vitreous chamber

____ provides nutrition to the avascular lens and cornea.

Aqueous humor

____ removes waste products of metabolism. occupies space to maintain structure and firmness.

Aqueous humor

_____ is where the cornea meets the iris and it is involved in the reabsorption of aqueous humor.

Iridocorneal angle

_____ is innermost nerve layer. _____ axons of ganglion cell layer arcs toward the optic disc and fibers become myelinated and turn into the ___ nerve.

Retina, umnyelinated, optic.

T/F: Retinas of most domestic mammals contain mostly rods and domestic birds contain mostly cones

True

____ are extremely sensitive to light and used for night vision. Vitamin ___ is necessary for vision and deficiency causes night blindness.

Rods, A

The ______ membranes line the eyelids and extend to the eyeball.

Conjunctival membranes

_____ is known to used to examine the mucous membrane color.

Famacha scale

____ provides a reservoir for accumulation of tears.

Conjunctiva

_______ is dorsal to the eyeball and is used to moisten and provide lubrication which helps clean the eye from foreign debris.

Lacrimal gland

_____ glands liee along the margins of the eyelids and produce a waxy material that acts like a dam to keep liquid in the eye.

Meibomian glands

Fluid layer on the cornea is called___

Precorneal film

What are the types of pre corneal film.

Mucin, tears, and oil film