DIET MODIFICATIONS & DEFINITION OF TERMS

full diet, soft diet, liquid diet

ROUTINE DIETS

Hospital Diets

Overview of routine, liquid, soft,

therapeutic, and specialized diets used

in hospital settings.

Full/House/General Diet

No restrictions, nutritionally adequate

Soft Diet

For patients unable to chew/swallow well

Liquid Diets

Clear, Full, Cold, Tube feeding.

clear liquid diet

used for GI tract illness / surgery; minimal residue

full liquid diet

post-op, infections, impaired chewing or swallowing

full liquid diet

intermediate between clear liquid & soft diet

cold liquid diet

used after tonsillectomy / adenoidectomy

tube feeding

for patients with obstruction, surgery, burns, coma, severe malnutrition

tube feeding

foods blended / liquefied to pass through tube

soft diet

transition from liquid to full diet

minimum / low residue diet

for bowel diseases, reduce fecal matter

bland diet

for ulcers / gastritis, avoid irritating foods

mechanical soft

for dentition / sores requires little chewing

high / low fiber diet

depending on constipation or GI disorders

high calorie

for malnutrition, burns, pregnancy

low calorie

obesity, diabetes, CVD

high / low CHO

for renal / liver disturbances or obesity / epilepsy

high / low protein

for malnutrition, surgery, renal / hepatic conditions

sodium restricted diets

for hypertension, CHF, tenal disease

potassium restricted diet

for renal failure, hyperkalemia

calcium restricted

for kidney stones, hypercalcemia

vegan diet

doesn’t eat all animals
doesn’t eat milk & dairy products
doesn’t eat eggs

lacto-vegetarian diet

eat only milk & dairy products

lacto-ovo vegetarian diet

eat only dairy products

eat only eggs

Zen Macrobiotic

-sometimes eat small fishes

Zen Buddism

Zen Macrobiotic was inspired by

Hypoallergenic diet

for food allergies

Elemental Diet

for malabsorption, GI fistulas, cachexia

dash diet

diet is a healthy eating plan designed to help lower or prevent high blood pressure (hypertension)

fad diets

trendy eating patterns that promise quick weight loss or health benefits but are more often not supported by solid scientific evidence. They usually involved restricting or eliminating certain food groups.

keto diet

very low carbs, high fat

atkins diet

low carb, higher protein & fat

juice cleanses / detox

only fruit / vegetable juices

paleo diet

“caveman diet”, avoids processed foods & grains

caveman diet

paleo diet is also called

cabbage soup diet

very low calorie monotone food choices

consistency changes

liquid, soft, mechanical soft diets

energy adjustments

high calorie vs. low calorie diets

macronutrient modifications

high / low protein, high / low carbohydrate, low fat

mineral restrictions

sodium-restricted, potassium-restricted, calcium-restricted diets

specialized diets

bland diet, gluten-free, vegetarian, hypoallergic

Dietary Modification

an essential part of medical nutrition therapy, ensuring that food serves not only as nourishment but also as therapeutic tool in healthcare.

food

Any substance ingested by the body that nourishes

it by providing energy, building and repairing

tissues, and regulating body processes

nutrient

Any chemical substance needed by the

body for one or more of the following

functions:

(1) to provide heat/energy,

(2) to build and repair tissues, and

(3) to regulate the life process.

nutrient density

The relative ratio obtained by dividing a

food or beverage’s contribution to the

needs of a nutrient by its contribution to

caloric needs

energy

• The capacity to do work

• The energy in food is chemical energy

• Measured in calorie

calorie

Unit of heat energy

energy density

A measure of the energy a food provides to

the amount of food (kilo calories per gram)

nutrition

The process by which the body takes in and

uses food for growth, repair, and health

(WHO, 2020).

health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not

merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1948)

wellness

An active process of making choices toward a healthy

and fulfilling life (Global Wellness Institute, 2010)

nutritional status

The condition of the body resulting from the consumption utilization of nutrients

nurtriture

nutritional status is also called

nutritional assessment

A comprehensive process identifying and evaluating a person's

nutritional needs using appropriate, measurable methods.

malnutrition

A condition that results from deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020).

undernutrition, overnutrition

2 TYPES OF MALNUTRITION

Undernutrition

caused by insufficient intake of energy, protein, and

nutrients (includes wasting, stunting, and underweight).

Overnutrition

caused by excessive intake of energy and nutrients, leading to overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases.

diet

Usual pattern of food and drink intake by a person or animal

dietetics

Combined science and art of human nutritional care throughout life under

various conditions of health and disease

diet therapy

Modification of food and drink for therapeutic purposes

clinical nutrition

branch of science that deals with diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease caused by deficiency or excess of nutrients

nutrition support

a variety of techniques that are available to use when the patient is unable to meet his/her needs

nutritionist-dietitian

professional who takes leadership in the promotion of health and nutritional well-being of an individual or groups

nutritionist

is an educator, as well as counselor, who usually works in a public health setting and who typically that at least a bachelor’s degree in nutrition

nutrients

Substance of food that provide energy, regulate

body processes, and aid in growth and body repair.

macronutrients, micronutrients

2 CATEGORIES OF NUTRIENTS

Macronutrients

nutrients that is needed in large amounts

Micronutrients

nutrients that is needed in needed in small amounts

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water

EXAMPLES OF MACRONUTIENTS

carbohydrates

• Primary source of energy (4 kcal/g)

• Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

carbohydrates

Functions:

> Provide energy for body and brain

> Protein sparing effect

> Aid in gastrointestinal health (fiber)

proteins

Building blocks: Amino Acids

proteins

Functions:

> Tissue and building repair

> Enzyme and hormone production

> Immune function (antibodies)

> Fluid and acid-base balance

fats

Functions:

> Concentrated energy source

> Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

> Insulation and organ protection

> Essential fatty acids (linoleic & linolenic acid)

⟶ brain & cell membrane health

water

Most essential nutrient (60-70% of body weight)

water

Functions:

> Solvent for biochemical reactions

> Regulates temperature

> Transport medium for nutrients and waste

> Lubrication of joints

vitamins, minerals

EXAMPLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS

vitamins

Organic compounds regulating metabolism

minerals

Inorganic elements important for body structure and

processes

Nutrition Care Plan

ensures patients receive appropriate nutrition therapy.

MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY

The use of specific nutrition services to treat an illness, injury or condition

Food

is valued for its palatability, satiety effect, and

emotional, social, religious, and cultural impact.

Food

includes articles used as drink or food

Food

is simple or complex in its chemistry and

contains nutritional and/or non-nutritional

components

hypoglycemia, fatigue

Low-carb diets

obesity, diabetes risk

Excess intake of carbohydrates

Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

Protein-energy malnutrition

heart disease

Too much saturated fat caused

Dehydration

confusion, hypotension,

electrolyte imbalance

hyponatremia

Overhydration

fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins

2 KINDS OF VITAMINS

A, D, E, K

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

B complex, C

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin A

Vitamins for vision, epithelial integrity

Vitamin D

Vitamins for calcium absorption, bone health

Vitamin C

Vitamins for wound healing, antioxidant

night blindness

Vitamin A deficiency