Praxis Special Education: Foundational Knowledge (5355)

Michael is a 14-year-old student who meets the criteria for other health impairment (OHI) and receives special education and related services. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which of the following meets the definition criteria for OHI?

a. Traumatic brain injury

b. Expressive language disorder

c. Chronic asthma

d. Developmental delay

c. Chronic asthma

In which of the following scenarios is it most appropriate for a teacher to begin to use prompt-fading techniques to support a student's skill development?

a. A student reads only assigned fiction texts and refuses to read nonfiction texts.

b. A student often becomes argumentative after receiving a grade below 80 percent on an assignment.

c. A student reciprocates greetings only when the teacher provides verbal reminders.

d. A student ignores the gesture whenever the teacher points to a clock to remind the student to stay on task.

C. A student reciprocates greetings only when the teacher provides verbal reminders.

A second-grade student, John, has autism spectrum disorder. John receives special education and related services and has a special education teacher in the classroom to support his learning. During gym class, John struggles with physical activities because of low muscle tone and repetitive rocking behaviors. Which of the following is the most effective approach to help John develop and improve gross motor skills?

a. Integrating more physical body movements into classroom activities throughout the day

b. Contacting the parents to find out what exercises John likes to engage in at home with the family

c. Asking an occupational therapist to evaluate the classroom environment and recommend updates to support John

d. Having a physical therapist design, implement, and document a treatment therapy plan that can benefit John

d. Having a physical therapist design, implement, and document a treatment therapy plan that can benefit John

After a student is referred by a teacher for an evaluation for special education services, which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the school to take?

a. Provide the student with appropriate Tier 3 interventions

b. Obtain consent from a legal guardian for initial evaluation of the student

c. Schedule professional testing of the student

d. Draft an agenda with a list of participants for the initial IEP team meeting

B. Obtain consent from a legal guardian for initial evaluation of the student

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a kindergarten teacher to ensure that a student with fine motor deficits will be able to work on activities at the literacy center in an inclusion classroom?

a. Assigning a paraprofessional to monitor participation at the center

b. Modifying the checklist used for assessing the activities at the center

c. Providing various-sized pencils, pens, grips, and slant boards

d. Eliminating all activities that consist of individual writing rather than partner writing

C. Providing various-sized pencils, pens, grips, and slant boards

The Response to Intervention (RTI) approach primarily affects special education procedures by requiring that students

a. obtain a learning disability diagnosis before receiving special education services

b. be provided with instruction in an inclusion classroom with the support of a special education teacher

c. receive daily personalized instructional intervention in a resource classroom

d. be provided with research-based interventions before evaluations are conducted

d. be provided with research-based interventions before evaluations are conducted

During an IEP review meeting, Kelly's parents express concern that Kelly's functional skills are not progressing at home as well as her parents would like, compared with the progress she is making in the classroom. Which of the following is the best way to address the parents' concerns?

a. Arranging videoconferences at regular intervals with a trained professional to discuss goals, share resources, and recommend other community programs

b. Asking the parents to document specific skills that they would like their child to learn so the skills can be added to the annual goal at the next IEP meeting

c. Sharing links to pages on the IDEA Web site that contain information about how children with multiple disabilities are defined, for the parents to review on their own

d. Providing the parents with monthly IEP progress reports highlighting the areas that they should continue to work on at home

a. Arranging videoconferences at regular intervals with a trained professional to discuss goals, share resources, and recommend other community programs

Ms. Jenkins is teaching a 5-year-old student named Kyle who has autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and little language to use a communication board. Ms. Jenkins has three toys. She shows Kyle one toy at a time and asks him if it is in a picture from a big book. He responds "yes" by touching a yellow happy face and "no" by touching an unhappy face covered with a big red X. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the activity?

a. To reinforce Kyle's expressive language skills

b. To develop Kyle's self-monitoring skills

c. To introduce new vocabulary to Kyle

d. To modify Kyle's target behavior goals

a. To reinforce Kyle's expressive language skills

Which of the following best characterizes a student with EBD?

a. Is unable to sit still, has trouble concentrating, and may need assistive technology for motor skills

b. Has difficulty understanding body language, facial expressions, and other nonverbal cues

c. Shows an inability to discriminate between letters, numbers, and sounds

d. Exhibits inappropriate types of behaviors or feelings under normal circumstances

d. Exhibits inappropriate types of behaviors or feelings under normal circumstances

Students in a tenth-grade inclusion class are learning to write essays on a teacher-assigned topic. During one of the lessons, the special education coteacher asks students to exchange their draft essay for that of a peer. The students have just completed a minicourse on peer review, and the data show that they are ready to practice the intervention technique with classmates. Which of the following is the primary purpose of a peer review intervention?

a. Encouraging students to complete their essay assignment on time

b. Introducing students to a variety of approaches to a specific writing topic

c. Providing valuable feedback for both students and teachers

d. Allowing teachers to use their time more efficiently during the school day

c. Providing valuable feedback for both students and teachers

According to IDEA, which of the following is the most restrictive environment for instruction of a student with a disability who requires multiple nebulizer treatments per day?

a. Hospital

b. General classroom

c. Specialized charter school

d. Resource classroom

A

A sixth-grade inclusion teacher is planning a cooperative learning activity for the students during which students will be placed in small groups to complete a project, with each student having a different responsibility. Which of the following is most important for the teacher to do while planning how to guide students' learning?

a. Reviewing the social skills that students need to successfully complete the project

b. Pairing students together by age to ensure that students receive assistance from one another

c. Ensuring that students listen carefully during the whole-class presentation of the project

d. Establishing a peer assessment policy to encourage students to provide feedback to one another

A

Don is a first-grade student with ADHD. His teacher notices that Don has trouble throughout the day transitioning from task to task. He often becomes frustrated because he gets extremely focused on a task or activity he finds interesting and then has to stop to work on something he does not want to complete. Which of the following is the best approach to address Don's transition issues?

a. Creating a buddy system on a rotating schedule to help Don keep track of time

b. Providing Don with a timer as a visual aid to help him get ready for the next activity

c. Giving Don a daily schedule book to track his time

d. Allowing Don to complete the task at his own pace to avoid tantrums

B

A fifth-grade student with cerebral palsy has average intelligence and intelligible speech but limited mobility and, as a result, struggles greatly with both fine motor and gross motor skills. To best help the student successfully complete written assignments, the teacher should provide a

a. voice recognition software program

b. pencil grip and raised-line paper

c. portable word processor

d. personal amplifier and FM system

A

Which of the following appropriately refers to the coteaching model in which two teachers split the class into two groups and teach the same content simultaneously?

a. Station teaching

b. Alternative teaching

c. Team teaching

d. Parallel teaching

D

Which THREE of the following activities are important for a special education teacher to complete before conducting a student evaluation?

a. Determining whether the issues are occurring across various educational settings

b. Determining whether the issues are consistent with the age of the student

c. Documenting the frequency of the issues throughout the day

d. Providing benchmarks to be achieved to meet the annual academic goals

A, B, C

Which of the following is most likely associated with a student who has an auditory processing disorder?

a. Has difficulty understanding and remembering language-related tasks, but may not have difficulty interpreting or recalling nonverbal environmental sounds or music

b. Has difficulty communicating orally and uses limited sentence structures when speaking, but can pronounce words and sounds

c. Has difficulty looking at others when they are speaking and has sensitivity to lights and sounds

d. Has difficulty staying focused on tasks and may show frustration by fidgeting with items on the desk or getting out of seat

A

Which of the following is a goal that is common to both a Section 504 plan and an IEP?

a. Offering academic and behavioral support for the student in the least restrictive environment

b. Empowering a student with a disability to advocate for their rights in school and in the community

c. Assisting parents with financial support as needed for their child's education

d. Individualizing instruction for each student as requested by the parents

A

According to IDEA, which of the following is the best example of a modification for a third-grade student recently classified as having a specific learning disability who needs support in the inclusion classroom?

a. Providing the student a pencil grip to support handwriting

b. Allowing the student to summarize a book chapter by creating a comic strip

c. Permitting the student to answer fewer math test questions than other students

d. Pairing the student with a peer for a think-pair-share activity

c

Which of the following individuals should be present at an IEP meeting for a student whose parents speak only Spanish?

a. A speech and language therapist

b. A bilingual guidance counselor

c. An English-language teacher

d. A professional translator

d

A second-grade teacher administers a twenty-question addition assessment to evaluate students' abilities in the middle of a math unit on addition with regrouping. Which of the following assessments is the teacher using?

a. Pre-assessment

b. Formative assessment

c. Norm-referenced assessment

d. Summative assessment

b

Kaylee is a recently enrolled fourth-grade student who has an IEP for an intellectual disability. The school does not yet have her previous IEP. She says little in class and answers questions by pointing. Which of the following is the best first step in determining an intervention for Kaylee?

a. Finding an age-appropriate sign-language program for Kaylee

b. Creating a basic communication board to encourage Kaylee to communicate

c. Asking Kaylee's parents to share strategies they use to communicate at home

d. Assessing Kaylee's language skills to determine the ones she currently possesses

d

John is a student with cognitive delays in an inclusion kindergarten. His Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) indicate that John had low birth weight and as a result may experience minor deficits in thinking, learning, and retention. Which of the following factors most likely contributed to John's low birth weight?

a. Social-emotional stress

b. Prenatal and neonatal care

c. Acquired brain injury

d. Infectious disease

b

A student is taking a cumulative examination at the end of the marking period. Which of the following assessments best represents this type of evaluation?

a. Preassessment

b. Formative assessment

c. Norm-referenced assessment

d. Summative assessment

d

At the end of a lesson on photosynthesis, an inclusion science teacher poses a question for students to answer on an index card. Which of the following terms best describes the tool the teacher is using?

a. Cooperative learning

b. Unit preview

c. Exit ticket

d. Survey

c

A third-grade student has an auditory processing disorder, which makes following verbal directions in class difficult. Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for a teacher to use during instruction for students with such auditory processing disorders?

a. Lowering active participation requirements

b. Providing multistep verbal directions

c. Allowing frequent breaks during lessons

d. Using frequent visual cues

d

A fifth-grade student with ADHD does well in class assignments in all subject areas, but data show that the student's performance drops in standardized assessments. The student's teachers also observe that the student gets nervous and anxious around tests and therefore cannot complete tests on time. Which TWO of the following intervention strategies can the teachers implement to ease the student's anxiety during tests?

a. Preparing the student to understand the test format

b. Asking the student to keep track of questions that are unfair

c. Asking the student to answer questions that are more difficult first

d. Incorporating deep-breathing exercises to alleviate the student's level of stress

a, d

Identifying the median of a distribution of test scores primarily involves determining the

a. average of all scores

b. most recurrent score

c. variation between scores

d. midpoint of all scores

d

Ian is a 6-year-old English learner in a first-grade inclusion classroom. Informal assessment indicates that Ian struggles with reading comprehension tasks, so the general education teacher confers with the special education teacher to address Ian's needs. Which of the following is the special education teacher most likely to suggest to improve Ian's reading comprehension skills before deciding whether to have him evaluated for special education?

a Have Ian examine pictures that accompany a text during a lesson to help him understand and connect with the text

b Have Ian sit in a quiet area before a lesson and listen to an audio version of a reading passage that will be used for instruction

c Ensure that Ian has access to a library in his community where he can borrow books that interest him

d Allow Ian to work in small discussion groups where he can pick up from peers the meaning of the text the group is studyin

b

Tom is a second-grade student educated in a general education classroom. He has an orthopedic impairment and a traumatic brain injury, which occurred at birth. Tom received early intervention and now receives special education and related services. The special education teacher has been working with Tom on his communication skills and discusses with the classroom teacher integrating assistive technology into the instructional day. Which of the following would most effectively enhance Tom's communication skills?

a. Use of individualized schedule books

b. Use of microswitches

c. Use of sensory tables

d. Use of pointers and reading props

b

Donny is a kindergarten student who is unwilling to try new things and claims that he is unable to build a tower from blocks or help put on a puppet show. When asked why he is unwilling to participate, Donny shrugs his shoulders and says that he is dumb and does not know how or he whines, saying, "I just can't do it." Which of the following best indicates what Donny is demonstrating?

a. Learned helplessness

b. Self-actualization

c. Intrinsic motivation

d. Striving for success

a

Several students in a middle school inclusion class are impolite, impulsive, and emotionally immature. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to provide behavioral support to the students?

a. Showing educational videos about respect and responsibility

b. Having students role-play scenarios demonstrating behaviors

c. Initiating punishment for the disrespectful behaviors

d. Allowing students more time to mature socially

b

An eighth-grade student who is an English learner understands and speaks conversational English with increasing confidence but is significantly below grade level in reading comprehension and writing skills. Which of the following best indicates that the source of the student's difficulty is most likely a learning disability and not a language barrier?

a. Having gone through a noncommunicative silent period for several months

b. Exhibiting plateaued growth in literacy skills over time despite receiving interventions

c. Demonstrating stronger math computation skills than problem-solving strategies

d. Being more comfortable communicating with peers than with teachers

b

Peggy is a seventh grader with cerebral palsy whose twin sister, Ginny, is a typically developing teenager. Ginny's friends often ask questions about Peggy, and Ginny is sometimes embarrassed by the questions. Which of the following is the best way for Ginny's parents and teachers to help Ginny respond when asked questions about Peggy?

a. Teaching Ginny to avoid answering questions about Peggy's medical condition

b. Reminding Ginny that Peggy needs her support and loyalty at school

c. Discouraging Ginny from expressing negative feelings about Peggy

d. Rehearsing with Ginny different ways of explaining Peggy's disability

d

A screening indicates that a child who is starting kindergarten has low muscle tone and motor delays. Which of the following intervention services is most appropriate for the child?

a. Speech and language services

b. Nursing services

c. Physical therapy

d. Assistive technology

c

At a parent orientation meeting, a translator helped the parents of the student understand Ms. Green's presentation and ask questions. Which of the following is the best approach to increasing family involvement and supporting the teacher-parent relationship with this family?

a. Scheduling special events and class trips during the day so that the family can volunteer for and participate in activities with their child

b. Setting up remote conferences with the parents to discuss IEP progress, share concerns and ideas, and collaboratively plan in a language of their choice

c. E-mailing a monthly newsletter in an appropriate language to the family outlining the lessons and activities that their child will be engaged in during the month

d. Having the parents schedule regular meetings with their child's IEP team and an interpreter to update the child's IEP objectives and goals for the year

b

Ms. Gray is a general education teacher in a third-grade inclusion classroom. Cameron, a recently enrolled student who receives special education services, gets frustrated and struggles to cooperate when it is time for an activity to end. Which of the following strategies will best ensure Cameron's successful inclusion in the general education classroom and is most likely to help improve Ms. Gray's professional practice?

a. Posting a chart of the day's lessons on the classroom Web site so Cameron can learn the schedule

b. Targeting the different senses when planning lessons so that Cameron's senses work together to help him acquire new knowledge

c. Integrating Cameron's specific goals into daily routines and transitions and reflecting often on the effectiveness of the strategy

d. Planning instruction that is one grade level below to provide Cameron with flexible options about the content he will study

c

Based on comments in a recent progress report, the parents of a student with SLD find out that the student makes syntax errors in writing. When interpreting the comments to the parents at a conference, the teacher should focus on which TWO areas of improvement in the student's writing?

a. Base words, roots, prefixes, and suffixes

b. The mechanics of language

c. The identification of syllables in spoken words through clapping

d. The correct use of grammar to ensure meaning in a sentence

b, d

Data collected from both formative and summative assessments reveal that a sixth-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics is functioning on a third-grade level. The student receives mathematics instruction in a resource room. Implementing which of the following will best help the student improve mathematics skills?

a. A functional curriculum

b. A social curriculum

c. A supplementary curriculum

d. An integrated curriculum

c

A teacher introduces a lesson on the processes of the water cycle to an inclusion classroom of high school students. One of the lesson objectives is for students to label a diagram that illustrates the processes of the water cycle. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for a student with progressive muscular dystrophy?

a. Having the student place pictures of the water cycle that are on large cards in sequential order

b. Allowing a scribe to record the student's selected responses to a partially completed diagram

c. Showing the student a water-cycle video and asking the student to write a report on the video

d. Allowing the student to indicate whether a word correctly matches a stage in the cycle by saying "yes" or "no"

b

Layla is a third-grade student with autism spectrum disorder who spends the whole day in a special education classroom. Layla's teacher wants to start an inclusion plan for Layla for social studies and science and wants to provide the right support for her. What would be the best support for the teacher to put into place for Layla in the regular education classroom for her to be successful?

a. Pairing with a peer tutor for help after school

b. Hanging up posters of important concepts in the classroom

c. Modifying the curriculum to focus on relevant topics

d. Implementing a rigorous structure for improved behavior

c

During center time, several kindergartners are using cardboard tubes and blocks to build a series of tunnels to observe how fast marbles move through them. One child decides to dump out the marbles before the tunnels are finished. The other children complain loudly, and the teacher scolds the child who dumped the marbles. The child reacts by crying and refusing to return to the center. Which of the following stages of Erikson's psychosocial development is best illustrated by the child's behaviors in the scenario?

a. Trust versus mistrust

b. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

c. Initiative versus guilt

d. Industry versus inferiority

c

Jason is a fifth-grade student in a general education classroom. Among behaviors that began in third grade, Jason often throws items on the floor, rips down posters and student artwork, and kicks and hits classmates for no apparent reason. Jason also struggles with communicating needs, following directions, and using reasoning and thinking skills as well as focusing on tasks for more than two minutes. Although Jason has an IEP for a traumatic brain injury (TBI) experienced at age 5, his parents believe he needs greater support and additional services.

In response to Jason's parents' concerns, the IEP team is most likely to consider testing Jason for which of the following co-occurring conditions?

a. A learning disability and dysgraphia

b. Autism spectrum disorder and dyslexia

c. An orthopedic impairment and cerebral palsy

d. Emotional disturbance and intellectual disability

d

Which of the following supplementary supports will best help a student with memory deficits improve executive functioning skills?

a. Extending project-based homework deadlines

b. Providing a personal assignment notebook

c. Supplying recordings of nonfiction books

d. Reducing the number of questions on assignments

b

Theresa, a fifth-grade student in a general education classroom, was recently diagnosed with dyscalculia. Her teacher notices that Theresa has difficulty with visual-spatial representations of numbers, words related to math, and mental math. Which of the following activities is most appropriate for helping Theresa develop her math skills independently?

a. Measuring ingredients for a simple recipe using measuring cups

b. Estimating the total cost of three items bought at a supermarket

c. Using manipulatives to solve math word problems

d. Connecting numbers to groups of items placed on her desk

c

A special education teacher and a general education teacher are coteaching a first-grade class composed of students with IEPs and students without IEPs. All special education services are provided within the classroom. Which of the following best describes the most effective way for the teachers to collaborate?

a. The special education teacher instructs only small groups of students with IEPs, and the general education teacher groups the rest of the students by ability.

b. The special education teacher and the general education teacher plan together and use dynamic grouping to ensure that students receive instruction from both teachers.

c. The general education teacher takes on the leadership role in the classroom and shares daily lesson plans with the special education teacher.

d. The general education teacher provides all direct instruction, and the special education teacher provides homework help and reteaches difficult concepts as needed.

ANSWER: b

By midyear, a student, Joseph, reaches 95 percent accuracy on all benchmarks related to one of the math goals in his IEP, as measured by a twice-weekly teacher test. The parents reach out to the IEP team to find out next steps. Based on the information, the IEP team is most likely to recommend which of the following?

.

a. Continuing to test Joseph twice a week on the same IEP goal

b. Adding enrichment mathematics goals to Joseph's IEP

c. Focusing on the remaining mathematics goals in Joseph's IEP

d. Removing goals in mathematics from Joseph's IEP

c

Several students in a second-grade class are English learners (ELs) who are reading significantly below grade level. Which of the following will best ensure that the ELs understand the responsibilities of an assigned classroom job?

a. Having students remain with the same job throughout the year

b. Designating a peer to inform the students of their assigned job

c. Listing the classroom jobs in two languages on a large poster

d. Representing each job on a chart using pictures and simple words

d

Which of the following students would primarily benefit from using a personal frequency-modulated (FM) system?

.

a. A student who has autism spectrum disorder

b. A student who has a visual impairment

c. A student who has a hearing impairment

d. A student who has sickle cell anemia

c

Which of the following is the best example of differentiating instruction for a student with a specific learning disability (SLD) in written expression who reads on grade level?

a. Having the student read, reread, and annotate short science passages at home every day for twenty minutes

b. Allowing the student to summarize the content of a social studies unit by drawing a cartoon, reciting a poem, or completing a graphic organizer

c. Suggesting texts from a variety of genres for the student to read independently and record weekly progress in a reading log

d. Having the student read a required grade-level novel with a partner and then cowrite a book report to publish digitally

b

Roger, a twelfth-grade student with a specific learning disability who is performing at grade level, was invited to join his IEP meeting. Which of the following best describes the purpose of Roger's participation?

a. Practicing public-speaking skills

b. Selecting a job coach for future employment

c. Developing postsecondary goals

d. Identifying daily-living skills for independent living

c

Which of the following aspects of the reading process is a teacher most likely to target with specific interventions when a student who can decode text fluently is not able to demonstrate understanding of the decoded text?

a. Vocabulary

b. Grammar

c. Predicting

d. Visualizing

a

Ms. Carr is a first-grade teacher in an inclusion classroom. Over time she notices that she has many students who struggle with decoding, fluency, and sight word vocabulary. Ms. Carr decides to have her students read the same passage at the same time with her to improve their reading skills. Which of the following best describes the reading strategy Ms. Carr is using to improve the students' reading skills?

a. Echo reading

b. Guided reading

c. Choral reading

d. Paired reading

c

Which of the following is the best strategy a teacher could use to support a student with a visual impairment?

a. Providing video stimuli to go along with classroom lessons

b. Recording classroom lectures

c. Providing diagrams throughout the classroom

d. Using white-lined paper for memos and handouts

b

According to IDEA, when must a reevaluation occur?

a. Immediately upon concerns of any misconduct

b. Upon the request of a parent

c. At least every three years

d. When IEP team members disagree on special education services

c

The parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) believe that their child belongs in a self-contained classroom setting, whereas the school insists that the student should be placed in a special school. The parents file a written complaint against the school. This action is known as

a. due process

b. Response to Intervention

c. prior written notice

d. least restrictive environment

a

Which of the following best explains why autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a spectrum disorder?

a. Because of the wide age range of individuals diagnosed with it

b. Because of the infinitely large number of disorders grouped within it

c. Because of the large number of comorbidity disorders that occur within it

d. Because of the wide variety and severity of symptoms for individuals diagnosed with it

d

Rhonda is a seventh-grade student with oppositional defiant disorder. Each day, Rhonda fills out a checklist that helps her self-monitor her behavior. Each week, her teachers review and sign the checklist. After each week, Rhonda is rewarded if she completes her checklist and her teachers acknowledge Rhonda's self-monitoring behaviors as accurate. Which of the following best describes the type of reinforcement Rhonda is receiving?

a. Variable reinforcement

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Intermittent reinforcement

d. Continuous reinforcement

d

Which of the following is a learning disability that affects comprehension of math symbols and causes difficulties with memorization, number organization, and counting?

a. Dyscalculia

b. Dysmetria

c. Dyslexia

d. Dysgraphia

a

Which TWO of the following are metacognitive strategies for reading?

a. Round-robin reading

b. Think-alouds

c. Reflection on learning

d. Sound blending

b, c

Mr. Simmons is preparing for an upcoming unit in social studies. Which of the following graphic organizers is best used before the unit begins to encourage students to think about their learning?

a. Venn diagram

b. KWL chart

c. Concept map

d. T-chart

b

Michael was recently diagnosed with a mild reading disability. The IEP team determines that the use of a colored overlay and a reading pacer in addition to a research-based online reading program should be implemented to ensure his success. Which of the following placements best illustrates the least restrictive environment (LRE) for Michael?

a. A small group pull-out program for reading for 60 minutes daily

b. A full-day special education program for all subjects that require reading

c. An inclusion classroom with supplemental aids and in-class support for 30 minutes of reading intervention daily

d. A general education classroom with peer tutoring to help reinforce newly taught reading concepts and skills

c

Carl is a 7-year-old student who is working on his phonemic awareness skills in a general education classroom. Based on data collected during qualitative observation and quantitative assessment, the teacher determines that Carl needs to work on deletion of consonant blends. The teacher will need to plan an intervention if the student fails to pick up on which of the following cues?

a. Say the word "stop" without /s/.

b. Say the word "tape" without /t/.

c. Say the word "group" without /p/.

d. Say the word "after" without /ter/.

a

A student who has dyslexia also has a moderate speech impediment and a stutter. Since the disabilities have an adverse effect on fluent communication, the student is trained to use an electronic fluency device with text-to-speech capabilities. In which of the following ways is the device most likely to benefit the student during social interactions?

a. Creating opportunities for the student to listen to recreational songs

b. Enabling the student to answer comprehension questions during written conversations

c. Increasing the student's ability to use comprehensive language in conversations

d. Amplifying the student's moods and emotions while the student is attempting to make social connections

c

Sasha, a second-grade student with a learning disability, starts to exhibit extremely disruptive behavior each time she is in the library, such as sometimes throwing or slamming a book. What is the first step for the librarian to take if an intervention plan is needed?

a. Talking to the student each time the behavior occurs

b. Selecting books on social stories that the student can borrow

c. Defining the behavior in specific observable terms

d. Ignoring the student and having her sit in a quiet location

c

Kyle uses a wheelchair during transitions at school but uses crutches to navigate around the classroom. Obstacles in the classroom as well as in the school building often prevent Kyle from moving around independently. Which of the following individuals is best to include in the planning process to remove the obstacles?

a. Occupational therapist

b. Physical education specialist

c. Supervisor of special education

d. Physical therapist

d

A middle school student with a specific learning disability in mathematics uses a calculator efficiently in the classroom when solving worksheets. However, the student is unable to use the calculator in a local convenience store when calculating the total cost of items. Which of the following does the student need to work on?

Skill transfer

Skill acquisition

Skill generalization

Skill synthesis

c

A fourth-grade teacher is working to help a student develop relationships and interpersonal skills outside the classroom. The teacher knows that the right environment can create situations in which the student can build peer relationships. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to use the environment to support the student in building peer relationships?

Assigning a peer to work with the student during math class

Organizing a lunch group made up of students who share interests

Asking the student's parents to enroll the student on a basketball team

Incorporating cooperative learning activities into social studies lessons

b

Kelly, a student who has autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is part of an inclusion classroom. Kelly is functioning on grade level, but when the interactive whiteboard or the classroom lights are on, she starts stimming. She cries out loudly and does not want to sit in her chair. Which of the following is the most likely cause of Kelly's agitation?

Difficulty of the material

Environmental stimuli

Choice of seating

Poor vision

b

Toby is an eighth-grade student who is classified with a traumatic brain injury. He has difficulty staying on task when solving multistep algebraic equations without teacher redirection. Which of the following accommodations will best support Toby when he is solving multistep algebraic equations?

Placing Toby in a quiet area away from peers

Allowing Toby to take frequent breaks

Providing Toby with a problem-solving checklist

Giving Toby access to a talking calculator

c

A special education teacher uses flash cards to reinforce students' knowledge of sight words. The teacher acknowledges correct responses with verbal praise and high fives and withholds praise for incorrect responses. Which of the following best describes the teacher's instructional approach during the activity?

Behavioral

Cognitive

Constructivist

Ecological

a

Lamar is educated in a high school special education classroom. He is struggling to learn the steps in how to do laundry. His teacher plans to collect data to determine which steps of the laundry process are most challenging for him. Which form of assessment is best for the teacher to use?

Free operant assessment

Time sampling

Task analytic assessment

Trial-based assessment

c

A special education teacher has collected multiple sources of data on a student. Which of the following is the most appropriate reason for collecting such data?

Targeting instruction for the student

Informing professional development topics

Sharing results with a research study

Promoting changes to the curriculum

a

Universal design for learning (UDL) is an approach that allows all students to access the general education curriculum. Its framework is designed around three essential principles that help make the curriculum more accessible. The first two principles of UDL involve providing multiple means of representation and multiple means of expression. Which of the following is involved in the third principle of UDL?

Inclusion

Assessment

Modification

Engagement

d

Charlotte, a second-grade student with motor difficulties, has poor balance and coordination. She tends to use one side of her body more than the other to reach and grab for items that she wants and displays sporadic muscle movements. Which of the following are these symptoms most closely related to?

Spina bifida

Down syndrome

Cerebral palsy

Multiple sclerosis

c

Three students in a sixth-grade inclusion classroom have a specific learning disability and symptoms of ADHD, and one of the students has dyslexia. Ms. Saraf, the general education teacher, has been working with Mr. Blyth, the special education teacher, to design and modify reading instruction to help the students make progress with reading comprehension.

Based on principles of universal design for learning (UDL), which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for enhancing the reading-comprehension skills of the three students?

a. Assigning each student a buddy who will read stories aloud to them and discuss teacher-prepared questions

b. Preparing an oversized, illustrated cause-and-effect chart to help the students understand the flow of events in a story

c. Giving the students a partially completed Venn diagram in which they are to compare two important characters from an assigned text

d. Using multiple visual and auditory examples, prior knowledge, and read-alouds to draw the students' attention to key ideas and relationships in a story

ANSWER: d

Which THREE of the following characteristics are most typically associated with students who have dyslexia?

Difficulty decoding monosyllabic and multisyllabic words

Difficulty with learning to rhyme words

Difficulty with handwriting

Difficulty maintaining self-control

a, b, c

A special education teacher wants to determine a student's growth in reading comprehension. Which of the following steps is completed first in the assessment process?

Analyzing the data

Creating a graph

Improving instruction

Collecting baseline data

d

According to IDEA, which of the following is the most appropriate classification category for a student with cystic fibrosis who qualifies for special education services?

Multiple disabilities

Emotional disturbance

Other health impairment

Orthopedic impairment

c

Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) come to school needing varying degrees of intervention. Which of the following types of skills are most important for the teacher to focus on during children's early years, particularly for ASD students?

Learning and academic skills

Activities of daily living and other functional skills

Coping and communication skills

Time and finance management skills

c

A middle school teacher is administering a norm-referenced achievement test in a district where many students speak a language other than English. Which of the following is an appropriate statement about this type of assessment?

Students' dialect and language proficiency can affect the validity of the test result.

Students' long-term academic success is measured based on the scores.

Students with disabilities and English learners are exempt from these tests.

Students are evaluated against a fixed set of standards as established by the school.

a

A tenth-grade student has absence seizures that cannot be controlled, even with medication. The seizures typically last less than 30 seconds. During a seizure, the student stares blankly. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the teacher to take when the student experiences seizures in the classroom?

Allowing the student quiet rest time following the seizure

Excusing the student from all assignments for that day

Offering the student food and water immediately

Holding the student down during the seizure to bring relief

a

A functional behavioral assessment is conducted to best support which of the following?

A student's progress in developing social behaviors in group settings

An intervention plan that identifies causes of a student's negative behaviors

A Section 504 plan that accommodates the emotional behaviors of a student

A less challenging schedule to help reduce an anxious student's behaviors

b

Which of the following would be a common accommodation when working with a high school student who has ADHD?

Allowing the student to use large-print text to complete assignments

Dismissing the student from homework assignments

Breaking up complex tasks into smaller manageable tasks

Reducing the number of assignments the student has to complete in class

c

A middle school student with a mild intellectual disability has difficulty transitioning between tasks and relies on teacher redirection. Which of the following strategies is most likely to help the student act independently during transitions?

Rewarding the student at the end of the week for all seamless transitions

Pairing the student with a supportive peer to provide ongoing encouragement

Creating a picture schedule to guide the student through the day's activities

Reinforcing transition rules with the student at the beginning of every month

c

Allison is a ninth-grade student with a learning disability in a general education classroom. When Allison becomes frustrated, she starts talking to nearby peers even though she is supposed to be reading. She also gets out of her seat to ask the teacher unrelated questions while the class is doing independent reading or working in groups to discuss a passage or chapter in a book. The special education teacher would like Allison to be more aware of her behaviors during challenging tasks.

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy for helping Allison address her individual needs?

a. Giving Allison a chart to record her behaviors independently each time she gets up out of her seat

b. Providing Allison with an audio version of the reading materials to reduce frustration

c. Moving Allison's seat to the back of the room to avoid further distractions or interruptions

d. Giving Allison an exit ticket each time she completes a reading task on her own in class

ANSWER: a

Jason is a first-grade student in a general education classroom whose family recently moved to the United States from a Spanish-speaking country. When it is reading time some of Jason's behaviors include avoiding reading tasks and tapping objects on his desk. Some of Jason's strengths are solving puzzles and playing team sports during gym. The teacher speaks with the special education teacher about his academic performance and behaviors. Which of the following will most likely help the student to retain interest in reading before the special education teacher conducts a screening for learning disabilities?

Culturally relevant reading materials in the classroom

Social skills training through picture books to increase peer interaction

Behavioral support to encourage completion of assignments

A balanced classroom environment where the student can learn and play

a

Vincent is a transfer student in fifth grade diagnosed with a specific learning disability in reading. He is in a general education classroom and receives special education services to meet his individual needs. Vincent struggles to keep up with class reading assignments and projects. Recent reading assessments indicate that his main areas of weakness are decoding and comprehension. His special education teacher would like to recommend some modifications to the curriculum.

Which of the following is an appropriate modification that will help support Vincent's needs in the classroom?

a. Providing Vincent with a handheld device with a smart camera that automatically reads the same text as his peers from any printed surface or digital screen

b. Providing Vincent with an outline of the lecture notes to review independently while the lesson is being given to the class

c. Providing Vincent with reading material at a lower Lexile level so that he can learn vocabulary words at his instructional level

d. Giving Vincent reading material that is in large print and moving his seat to the front of the class

ANSWER: c

Maria, a sixth-grade student who was recently classified with an emotional behavioral disorder, is in an inclusion classroom for all academic subjects. A behavioral intervention consultant comes in once a week to confer with her teachers. During one such meeting, Maria's general education teacher indicates that Maria has begun to interrupt lessons every day and yell insults at her peers. Which of the following is the first step that the consultant most likely recommends that the teacher take to address Maria's behaviors?

Using consistent consequences when Maria demonstrates negative behaviors

Collecting baseline data on Maria's outbursts using a variety of reliable techniques

Having a conversation with Maria about social skills needed in inclusion classrooms

Scheduling an IEP meeting to modify Maria's behavioral intervention plan

b

Seven-year-old Abby finds it difficult to read and recall information in text, which often makes reading tasks and solving math word problems challenging. She often struggles with decoding unfamiliar or new words as well as recognizing math symbols in the general education classroom. Which TWO of the following learning disabilities does Abby exhibit, based on her struggles in the classroom?

The student exhibits difficulties from dyscalculia.

The student exhibits difficulties from dyspraxia.

The student exhibits difficulties from dysgraphia.

The student exhibits difficulties from dyslexia.

a, d

Roy is an eleventh-grade student with an intellectual disability. During his annual IEP meeting, Roy indicates that he wants to get a job and share an apartment within four years of graduating from high school. Which of the following IEP transition goals best supports what Roy wants to do?

Roy will know how to interpret traffic signs independently while traveling.

Roy will be able to clean the kitchen floors with staff assistance on a weekly basis.

Roy will know how to pay his monthly rent and utility bills by check or online.

Roy will be able to socialize with new friends and seek help when needed.

c

Which of the following best indicates the primary purpose for incorporating the four blocks of literacy instruction, which are guided reading, self-directed reading, writing, and working with words, into daily instruction for students with cognitive disabilities?

Providing a variety of opportunities for reading and writing

Maintaining students' attention by using shortened assignments

Creating opportunities for movement during reading tasks

Giving the students a choice of language arts activities

a

Which of the following is considered atypical behavior for a kindergarten student?

Being unable to walk down steps independently by alternating feet

Struggling to tie shoelaces

Having difficulty sharing with others and taking turns

Speaking with a loud voice to attract attention

a

Which of the following types of meetings is held to determine whether a student's misconduct has been caused by or has a direct and substantial relationship to the student's disability?

Reevaluation

Parent-teacher

Initial IEP

Manifestation determination

d

Emma is a 7-year-old student with a developmental disability in a first-grade, general education inclusion classroom. At Emma's annual IEP meeting, her parents inquire about strategies and resources they can use to help Emma understand her home environment and learn how to use items properly. Which of the following is the best example of embedded instruction for the special education teacher to recommend?

a. Teaching Emma to control items in the home environment using microswitches that require little or no physical pressure

b. Familiarizing Emma with a home sound system that will help her hear when she is watching videos or listening to family conversations in noisy environments

c. Modeling the use of familiar items in the home for Emma and providing opportunities for Emma to use the items in her daily routines

d. Encouraging Emma to use pictures to fill in partially completed lists of the items she will use during the day, in the order that she will use them

ANSWER: c

George is a third-grade student who wears a hearing aid and receives special education services for a mild intellectual disability. Data based on teacher observations over several consecutive weeks were collected, and the data indicate that George is often fatigued after gym and lunch. As a result, George quickly becomes frustrated by writing tasks after lunch and avoids them using delaying tactics. Which of the following is the most effective intervention that George's teachers could employ to help George make progress on the productive writing goals in his IEP?

a. Modifying George's IEP to ensure that he has a scribe with him during classroom activities that involve free writing and responding to questions

b. Supplying George with specialized egg pencil grips to help develop the small muscles of his hand and improve his control and comfort when working on writing tasks

c. Introducing writing activities to the class and then pairing George with another student who will help him produce first drafts in response to assignments

d. Providing systematic instruction using a software app on a classroom laptop that will help George develop writing skills such as sentence construction, grammar, and spelling

ANSWER: d

Which TWO of the following testing accommodations are most appropriate for a middle school student functioning at grade level who has dysgraphia and an orthopedic impairment in the hands and arms?

Providing speech-to-text software

Reading test directions and questions aloud

Providing large-print materials

Allowing extended time and frequent breaks

a, d

Following an oral reading fluency (ORF) assessment, a teacher is most likely to analyze which of the following results first in order to determine an immediate teaching point?

Number of clues used during reading

Errors made while reading

Intonation while reading

Number of self-corrections during reading

b

Which of the following is mandated in a high school student's Individualized Transition Plan?

A list of after-school activities that the student can participate in

An outline of the financial supports necessary for independent living once the student has left the school environment

All postsecondary goals, taking into consideration the student's academic strengths and weaknesses

The services that the student's family will need to support the continued development of the student

c

A high school special education teacher is planning a community-based event that will create opportunities for the students with ASD to volunteer while applying skills they are learning in the classroom. The teacher considers the needs of students with sensory and physical impairments when developing the volunteer tasks. Which of the following is most likely to help the students' families gain a deeper understanding of their children's sensory needs?

Involving the families in the planning process for the event

Rewarding the family that raises the maximum funds during the event

Encouraging each family to identify resources for their child during the event

Allowing the families to adjust IEP goals for their child after the event

a