AP Hug Exam review all vocab

Globalization

A force or process that results in making something worldwide in scope.

Absolute Distance

The exact measurement of physical space between 2 places.

Relative Distance

The approximate measurement of physical space between 2 spaces.

Mental Maps

A map based on a person's understanding and knowledge of a geographic area.

Global Positioning Systems

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Global information Systems

A system that analyzes, manages, and displays lots of info on a geographic area. Often displayed in layers.

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

Region

An area on Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics.

Formal Region

Everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

Functional Region

An area focused around a focal point.

Vernacular Region

An area people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Remote Sensing

The acquiring of data about Earth's surface through long distance methods. Ex: satelite

Cultural Landscapes

Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

Site

Physical characteristics of a place.

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places.

Transnational Corporations

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Sustainability

The use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

Diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

Cognative distance

A measure of distance based on perceived distance, rather than physical distance

Sense of Place

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

Distance Decay

The further the distance apart, the less interaction will occur.

Human Geography

The study of where and why human activities are located where they are

Physical Geography

The study of physical features of the earth's surface

Symbolic Landscapes

A landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations

Urban, Suburban and Rural

City/not far from the city/out in the country

Friction of Distance

Based on notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Spatial Diffusion

The process of dispersion of an idea or an item from a center of origin to more distant points with which it is directly or indirectly connected.

Expansion Diffusion

When innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations

Possibilism

The thought that physical environment may limit human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment. People can choose a course of action out of many in the physical environment.

Environment Determinism

The belief that the environment dictates the success of a society.

Tobler's first law of geography

This is the idea that people are less likely to interact with places, stores, and people that are farther away and are more likely to interact with places, stores, and people that are closer. This is due to distance decay and friction of distance.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

built environment

The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.

cartographic scale

refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

connectivity

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

cultural ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

field observation

the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there

fieldwork

the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

qualitative data

information scientists first collect, describes anything physical (color, odor, shape)

Quantitative data

numerical data

spatial approach

considers the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth

Spatial association

The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Physiological Density

The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of objects in an area divided by total land area.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, calculated by CBR - CDR.

Census

The official count of a population.

Baby Boom

The large amount of babies born right after World War 2.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.

Population Clusters

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe.

Ecumene

Places of permanent human settlement.

Demographic Transition

Process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates, and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population.

ESPN

Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma.

Remittance

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Push factors of migration

Induce people to move out of their present location.

Pull factors of migration

Induce people to move into a new location.

Guest Workers

A legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.

Circular Migration/Periodic Movement

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants for a country.

Unauthorized Immigration

People who enter a country without proper documents,

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Intervening Obstacle

A environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

Immigrant

A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of a large group of people with technical skills or knowledge.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country.

International Migration

The permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

The permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Emigrant

A person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Quota

A limit on maximum number of people who can immigrate to an area annually.

antinatalist policy

government policy that supports lower birth rates

baby bust

Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.

birth deficit

slowdown of births

cairo conference

November, 1943 - A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan, they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I.

cohort

a group of people from a given time period

demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

demographic equation

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Echo Boom

the generation born after the baby boomers

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

graying population

Evidenced by a population pyramid showing a higher number of older, or elderly, people in its projection than younger, working-age people. The pyramid is top-heavy.

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

J-curve

a growth curve that depicts exponential growth

S-curve

a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Maternal mortality rate

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.