KIN 167 Midterm 1 Review

What is sports psychology (SP)?

The study of people and behaviors within the context of sports and exercise

What are the roles of SP?

Teaching

Research

Consulting

What are the applied roles of SP?

Clinical sport psychology

Educational sport psychology

Define clinical sport psychology. Give one example.

A licensed psychologist who can detect and treat individuals with emotional disorders (i.e., depression, substance abuse, eating disorders)

Define educational sport psychology. Give one example.

A "mental coach" who educates athletes and exercisers about psychological skills and their development (i.e., anxiety management, improved communication, confidence development)

Which psychologist was interested in why cyclists rode faster in groups?

Norman Triplett

Who is the "father of american SP"?

Coleman Griffith

Who developed the 1st SP lab?

Coleman Griffith

Which psychologist developed the scientific SP?

Franklin Henry

Who was the first woman in SP to do both research and applied work?

Dorothy Yates

Which psychologist worked with relaxation techniques with boxers at SJSU?

Dorothy Yates

Who is the "Father of North American applied SP"?

Bruce Ogilvie

Dorothy Harris

1st American and 1st female member of ISSP

1st women awarded Fulbright Fellowship in SP

1st female president of NASPSPA

What is ISSP?

International society of SP

What is NASPSPA?

North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity

What is AAASP?

Association for the advancement of applied SP

What is APA?

American Psychological Association

What are the ethical SP standards?

Competence

Confidentiality

Integrity

Professional practice and scientific responsibility

Concern for the welfare of others

Social responsibility

Name the trends in the field of sport and exercise psychology

More graduate and undergraduate programs

More consulting opportunities

Greater emphasis on counseling and ethical training

Ethical issues

Specialization

Tension between academic SP and applied SP

Increase in qualitative research

Positive psychology (focus on a person's strengths)

Cultural SP

Multidisciplinary research

Technology

What is Psychological Skills Training (PST)?

the systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, enjoyment, and satisfaction

What are the 4 aspects of applied PST?

Mental

Technical

Tactical

Physical

What happens if an aspect is not fully devleoped?

Performance is off balance and not at its highest level

What are the myths of PST?

For "problem" athletes, only

For the elite and rich athletes

Quick fix

Not useful because its not scientific

Why is PST often neglected?

Lack of knowledge

Lack of time

Misunderstanding/trust

What are the phases of a PST program?

Education

Acquisition

Practice

What is self-regulation in PST?

Ability to work toward a person's short or long-term goals by effectively monitoring and managing one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

What are the stages of self-regulation in PST?

Problem identification

Commitment to change

Execution

Environmental management

Generalization (sustaining efforts over time)

Which is the primary stage of self-regulation in PST?

Execution

When is the most effective time to implement a PST program?

During the off-season

3x week, 10-15 min meetings

Identify the vast array of psychological skills related to sport performance

Foundation skills

Performance skills

Personal development

Team skills

What are the common problems implementing a PST program?

Lack on conviction

Lack of time

Lack of sports knowledge

Lack of follow-up

What is outcome goals?

Result of event, but depends on the opponent's behavior

What is performance goals?

Achieving performance objects independently from other competitors

What is process goals?

Actions one must do to achieve performance goal

Identify numerous priniciples of effective goal setting

Set specific goals

Moderately difficult

Short and long term goals

Performance, process, and outcome goals

Record goals (strengthen goals)

Practice goal support

Provide feedback

Set mastery-approach goals

What is the first stage to design a goal setting system?

Preparation and planning

What is the second stage to design a goal setting system?

Education and acquisition

What is the third stage to design a goal setting system?

Implementation and follow up and eval

What are SMART goals?

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

Identify common problems in goal setting

Being convinced goal setting is worthwhile

Vague goals

Too many goals too soon

Failure to adjust goals

Not recognizing individual differences

Lack of follow-up and eval

Goals unrealistically high or very low

Define arousal

physiological and psychological activations

Define stress

Imbalance between perceived demands and resources

Define anxiety

Negative emotional state characterized by nervousness, worry, and apprehension

Is arousal negative or positive?

Neither

Is stress negative or positive?

Both

Is anxiety negative or positive?

Negative

What are the types of anxiety?

Trait anxiety

State anxiety

Define trait anxiety. Give an example.

Personality and generally more anxious

Example: general anxiety disorder

Define state anxiety. Give an example.

Limited to specific situations

Example: test anxiety

What are the dimensions of anxiety?

Cognitive

Somatic

What is cognitive anxiety? Give an example.

Thoughts

Example: negative self-talk

What is somatic anxiety? Give an example.

Physical

Example: sweaty palms, nausea, fidgety

What are the types of stress?

Distress

Eustress

What is distress?

Negative stress

What is eustress?

Positive stress

What are the stages of stress?

Environmental demands

Perception of demand

Emotional and physical response

Behaviors and Consequences

Define environmental demands stage of stress

Some type of demand that is placed on an individual, demand might be physical or psychological

Define perception of demand stage of stress

Individual's perception of the physical or psychological demand

Define emotional and physical response stage of stress

Stress response of the individual's physical or psychological response to a perception of the situation

Define behaviors and consequences stage of stress

Behavior/outcome of the individual under stress

Identify the various sources of stress

Event importance

Uncertainty

Trait anxiety

Self-esteem

Social physique anxiety

Name of models/theories of arousal/anxiety performance

Drive theory

Inverted U-hypotheses

Catastrophe model

Individualized zone of optimal functions (IZOF)

Multidimensional anxiety theory

Reversal theory

Define the drive theory model

as an individual's arousal or state of anxiety increase, so does their performance

Define the inverted U-hypotheses model

At low arousal levels, performance will be below par; the exerciser is not psyched up.

As arousal increases, so does performance - but up to an optimal point where the best performance results

A further increase is arousal can cause performance to decline

High performance with the optimal level of arousal and lesser performance with either low or high arousal

Define the catastrophe model

Predicts that physiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted U fashion, but only when an athlete is not worried or has a low cognitive state of anxiety

Define the individualized zone of optimal functions (IZOF)

model

Every person had their own optimal level of arousal. Different people perform best at different levels of arousal, and peak performance occurs in a small zone (as opposed to a single point)

Define the multidimensional anxiety theory model

Predicts that cognitive state anxiety (worry) is negatively related to performance, and an increase in cognitive state anxiety leads to a decrease in performance

Theory predicts that somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U and that increases in anxiety facilitate performance up to an optimal level, beyond which additional anxiety causes performance to decline

Define the reversal theory model

The way in which arousal affects performance depends on the individuals interpretation of his or her arousal level

How does high arousal or anxiety levels undermine performance

Increase muscle tension, which decreases coordination (affects performance and injury)

Attention and concentration changes

Describe somatic anxiety reduction technique. Give an example.

Body to mind

Breath control (diaphragmatic breathing)

Progressive muscular relaxation

Biofeedback

Describe cognitive anxiety reduction technique. Give an example.

Mind to body

Relaxation response (meditation)

Autogenic training (self-hipnosis)

Self-talk techniques

Imagery

Describe multimodal anxiety reduction technique. Give an example.

Holistic (combo of somatic and cognitive)

Systemic desensitization and stress inoculation (STI)

Cognitive-affect stress management training

Hypnosis

What is systemic desensitization?

Steps to exposure of what cause anxiety

What is stress inoculation (STI)?

Working on anxiety

Define coping

What we do to shift the balance

What is problem-focused coping? Give an example.

Used when a situation is perceived as controllable.

Example: nervous about a midterm = study

What is emotion-focused coping? Give an example.

Used when a situation is perceived as uncontrollable.

Example: gets angry easily = go to anger management

Name effective coping strategies

Thought control

Task focus

Rational thinking and self-talk

Positive focus and orientation

Social support

Precompetitive mental preparation and anxiety management

Time management

Training hard and smart

Name the arousal-inducing techniques

increasing breathing rate

Act energizes

Listen to music

Use energizing imagery

Use cue words and positive statements

Light precompetitive workout

What are the components of concentration?

Focusing on relevant cues in the environment (selective attention)

Maintaining attentional focus over time

Maintaining situational awareness

Shifting attentional focus when necessary

Define focusing on relevant cues in the environment (selective attention)

When the environment changes rapidly, attentional focus must also change rapidly. Thinking of the past or the future raises irrelevant cues that often lead to performance errors.

Define maintaining situational awareness

Ability allows players to size up game situations, opponents, and competitions to make appropriate decisions based on the situation, often under acute pressure and time demands

Define shifting attentional focus when necessary

Ability to alter the scope and focus of attention as demanded by the situation

Name the attentional focus processes

Attentional selectivity

Attentional capacity

Attentional alertness

Define attentional selectivity

Letting some information into the information-processing system while screening out or ignoring other information

Define attentional capacity

Refers to the fact that attention is limited in that one can process only so much information at one time

Define attentional alertness

Related to the notion that increases in emotional arousal narrows the attentional field because of a systemic reduction in the rnage of cues that a performer considers in executing a skill

Describe the relationship between concentration and optimal performance

Athletes need to foucs on only the relevant cues in the athletic environment and to eliminate distractions

What are the common internal problems with concentration

Attending to past or future events

Choking

Overanalyzing body mechanics (form)

Fatigue

Inadequate motivation

What are the common external problems with concentration

Visual

Auditory

Name the techniques to improve self-talk

Thought stopping

Cognitive restructuring

What is thought stopping?

Involves concentrating on the undesired thought briefly and then using a cue or trigger to stop the thought and clear your mind

What is cognitive restructuring?

Redirects focus

Negative thought > reinterpret > positive statement

Name the exercises for improving concentraion

Learning to shift attention

Learning to maintain focus

Searching for relevant cues

Identify on-sight techniques for improving concentration

Simulations in practice

Cue words

Nonjudgemental thinking

Establish routines

Develop competition plans

Over learn skills

What are the types of attentional focuses?

Broad

Narrow

External

Internal

Define broad attentional focus. Give an example.

Allows a person to perceive several occurrences simultaneously

Example: basketball player running a fast break and multiple occurrences happening simultaneously

Define narrow attentional focus. Give an example.

Occurs when you respond to only one or two cues

Example: tennis player focusing on the ball and how to servre it focusing on those 2 cues

Define external attentional focus. Give an example.

Directs attention outward to an object or to an opponent's movements

Example: a basketball player focuses on someone else's wrist movements when he shoots

Define internal attentional focus. Give an example.

Directed inwards to thoughts and feeling

Example: high jumper mentally thinking about their run up, but not actually performing it physically