Biology- Biomolcules- Chemistry of Life

Mr. A is the GOAT

Atoms

Smallest unit that makes up all matter

Protons

positive charge particles, found in nucleus

Neutron

neutrally charges particles, found in the nucleus

Electrons

negatively charges particles found in the electron shell

First electron shell-

holds 2 electrons, lowest energy level

Second electron shell

holds a maximum of 8 electrons

Third electron shell

hold up to 8 electrons

Elements-

A molecule composed of one kind of atom

Molecules

multiple elements bonded together

Bonds-

attractions that connect elements and molecules

Covalent bonds-

electrons are shared between two non metals

Ionic bonds-

electrons are transferred from one metal to one non metal

Van Der Waals bonds-

occur when groups of atoms are held together by weak attractive forces caused by variations in the charge distributions of the atoms

hydrogen bond

bonds between a very positive hydrogen atom and a very negative element

Polar-

uneven distribution of charge throughout a molecule

Polarity

A lack of electrical symmetry in a molecule. Charge differences on opposite ends of a structure (poles)

Water is…

polar - Hydrogen is more positive and oxygen is more negative; electrons are unevenly shared (more towards oxygen)

Cohesion-

How well a molecule sticks to itself

What is cohesion responsible for?

surface tension

Surface Tension

Causes water to form spherical droplets and allows it to support small objects (paperclip, spiders walking on water)

Adhesion-

how well a molecule sticks to different molecules

What is adhesion responsible for?

capillary action

What is capillary action?

liquid moving against a force, usually gravity

Concave meniscus

adhesion to the tube is greater than the cohesion of liquid molecules

Convex meniscus

Cohesion of the liquid molecules is greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the tube

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

What is water's melting point?

0 C

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas

What is water's boiling point?

100 C

Specific Heat-

Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance

Solutes

Substance being dissolved (salt, Kool-Aid powder)

Solvent

the substance doing the dissolving (water)

Solution

The end product after the solute dissolves in the solvent (saltwater)

Water is nicknamed the…

universal solvent

Why is water the universal solvent?

Its polarity allows it to attract and surround other charges particles, pulling them apart and dissolving them

What is water's chemical makeup?

2 positive hydrogen atoms and 1 negative oxygen atom H2O

pH-

potential of Hydrogen

The lower the pH…

the more positive hydrogen ions, less oxygen-hydrogen negative ions

The higher the pH…

less positive hydrogen ions, more oxygen-hydrogen negative ions

Acidic pH-

0-6.9 - lemon juice, tomato juice

Neutral pH-

7 - pure water

Basic pH-

7.1-14.0 - bleach, soap

Why is pH important?

Reactions critical for life will only take place under certain pHs

What is found in every living thing

Carbon

Organic/Organic Matter

Organic means something made of carbon, organic matter = derived from living matter

List the macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates function

main source of energy

Carbohydrates contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CHO

Carbohydrates building blocks

monosaccharides

Carbohydrates examples

starch and sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose)

Lipids function

long term energy storage, insulation, absorbing vitamins, making hormones, make up cell membranes

Lipids contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CHO

Lipids building blocks

Fatty acids and glycerol

Two kinds of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

Saturated

bad fats, solid room temp, raises cholesterol

Unsaturated

good fats, liquid at room temp, lowers cholesterol

Proteins function

make up cell structure, growth and maintenance of tissues, forms immunoglobulins and antibodies to fight infections, enzymes

Proteins contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen CHON

Protein building blocks

Amino Acids

Proteins examples

meat, eggs, dairy

Nucleic acids function

carry genetic information and blueprints

Nucleic acids contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus CHONP

Nucleic acids building blocks

nucleotides

Nucleic acids examples

dna, rna

3 parts of nucleotides

sugar, phosphate, base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

chemical reactions-

process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

physical signs of a chemical reaction

Temperature, color change, sound, odor change

Endothermic reactions-

the reaction is cooler than its surroundings, (ice)

Exothermic reactions-

Reaction is hotter than its surroundings (fire)

Synthesis reactions

Turning two or more molecules into one; A + B = AB

Decomposition Reactions

Turning one molecule into two or more; AB = A + B

Reactants

molecules you start with at the beginning of a reaction

Products

molecules you end up with at the end of a chemical reaction

Activation energy

amount of energy required to undergo the chemical reaction; starts the reaction

what do enzymes do to activation energy?

lower it

Enzymes-

Proteins that act as catalysts and lower activation energy

Denature

the enzyme is not able to perform its function because of certain factors (changes the shape of an enzyme)

Factors that denature a enzyme

change in pH, change in temperature, change in salt concentrations

All enzymes are proteins but…

not all proteins are enyzmes

Substrate-

The food of an enzyme; Reactants

Enzymes look similar to:

A small pacman with the cut out mouth being the active site

Active Site-

An enzyme’s “mouth“; the reaction takes place here

Catalyst

Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without being “eaten“ in the process

Autotrophs

Make their own food from sun energy (plants)

Heterotrophs

cannot use sun energy for food; must find their own food (animals and humans)

Cellular Respiration

process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration occurs in the

mitochondria

cellular respiration requires

oxygen (aerobic)

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

O2 + C6H12O6 >>> CO2 + H20
Oxygen + glucose >>> carbon dioxide + water (+ATP)

What are the reactants of Cellular respiration

Oxygen and Glucose

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP

Glucose-

gets broken down into ATP and turned into energy; C6H12O6

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) the form of energy your body and cells use

During cellular respiration your body turns into

glucose into ATP

What organisms undergo cellular respiration

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

why does glucose get turned into ATP?

glucose has too much energy, ATP is perfect

Steps in which ATP releases energy:

1. A phosphate breaks off ATP

2. Energy is released by the breaking off

3. ADP is formed (Adenosine diphosphate) because of a missing phosphate

What is the difference between ATP and ADP

ATP has 3 phosphates and ADP only has 2

How are ATP and ADP like rechargeable batteries

Once a phosphates breaks off of ATP then it turns into ADP which then connects with a new phosphate (recharging) and its just a never ending cycle

Steps in cellular respiration-

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain