Ch. 13: Host Defenses Adaptive Immunity Part 1

What line of defense is adaptive, specific, and has an infection already established?

third line

How long does it take for the 3rd line of defense to start working?

>96 hours

What is the third line of defense made of?

b cells and t cells

What immunity is b-cells?

humoral immunity

What does humoral immunity do?

produce antibodies

Where are b-cells produced?

extracellular microbes

What immunity are t-cells?

cell-mediated immunity 

What does cell-mediated immunity do?

kill pathogens before they leave the cell

Where are t-cells produced?

intracellular microbes

What makes adaptive immunity faster?

vaccines

What immunity is acquired?

adaptive

What immunity is intrinsic?

innate

What immunity happens earlier?

innate

What immunity happens later?

adaptive

What immunity is non-specific because phagocytosis doesn't care about the nature of a pathogen?

innate

What immunity is specific because antibodies are specific to pathogen type?

adaptive

What immunity is diverse because all macrophages work in the same way and can attack anything?

innate

What immunity is not diverse because only 1 B-lymphocyte can attack one pathogen based on its mechanism?

adaptive

What type of immunity has PAMPs on microbes and PRRs on macrophages to recognize pathogens?

innate 

What type of immunity has receptors on B-lymphocyte cell receptors or T-lymphocyte receptors and can only recognize one?

adaptive 

What type of immunity only has to undergo maturation before it can work?

innate

What type of immunity requires the cells to mature and be trained before they can attack to prevent the cells to attack the wrong cells in order to prevent autoimmune diseases?

adaptive 

What type of immunity is not affected by vaccination?

innate

What type of immunity uses vaccines to improve responses by making them quicker and better quality?

adaptive

What type of immunity does not have memory?

innate

What type of immunity has memory, keeps memory in memory cells on how to fight infection?

adaptive

What type of immunity is not affected by how often you see the pathogen?

innate

What type of immunity is affected by how often the pathogen by increasing efficiency or response because of the increased number of memory cells?

adaptive 

What do T and B cells arise form in bone marrow?

hematopoietic stem cell

Where to B cells mature in?

bone marrow

What do T and B cells have that are checked in the maturation process?

maturation process

What are bone marrow and thymus?

primary lymphoid structures

What is the process by which any auto-reactive clones that are destoryed during development/maturation?

clonal deletion

What are cells in b lymphocytes that have receptors that react to our own body that are killed in the thymus but if they escape they can cause autoimmune disease?

auto-reactive cells

Where do B and T cells migrate after maturation?

secondary lymphoid structures

What are secondary lymphoid structures?

LN and spleen

When B and T cells reach lymphoid tissues each one is equipped to respond to what?

single unique antigen

Where do B and T cells recirculate through when they migrate in and out of lymphoid organs?

circulatory system and lymph system

What are the specific surface markers of B cells?

immunoglobin

What are the specific surface markers of T cells?

T cell receptor, CD4 or CD8 molecules

What number of B cells circulate in the blood?

low numbers

What number of T cells circulate in the blood?

high numbers

Do B cells require antigen presented with MHC?

no

Do T cells require antigen presented with MHC?

no

What is the product of B cell antigenic stimulation?

plasma and memory cells

What is the product of T cell antigenic stimulation?

serveral types of T cells (T_H and T_C) and memory cells

What is the general fx of B cells?

production of AB

What is the general fx of T cells?

cells activated to help other immune cells, suppress or kill abnormal cells

What step of humoral response when the B lymphocyte is activated because it encounters the specific epitope and uses its BCR to bind to that epitope?

1st

What is part of the antigen that the immune system recognizes?

epitope

What step of humoral response when a B cell is bound to a specific antigen epitope and it seeks help from the helper-T cell already in the same antigen?

2nd

During clonal expansion what does the specific antigen epitope bind to to get help?

follicular helper t cell subtype or T_FH

What step of humoral selection is when the combination of the epitope binding and help from the helper cell activates the B cell (clonal selection)?

3rd

What step of humoral response is when the activated B cells undergoes proliferation (clonal expansion)?

4th

What step of humoral response is when proliferating B cells differentiate into effector cells (plasma cells) and secrete AB?

5th

How long do the AB plasma secretes live?

short time

What step of humoral response is when the proliferating B-cells differentiate into memory cells that are helpful in protecting against the repeated future encounter by the same pathogen?

6th

How long to the memory cells live?

long time

What function of the AB aids in phagocytosis by creating a better surface for pathogens to attach to but doesn’t harm the pathogen?

opsonization

What function of the AB prevents attachment by binding to part of the pathogen that allows attachment?

neutralization

What function of the AB allows for cross-linkning of antigens into larger aggregates by using its Y arms to attach to other cells creating a clump making phagocytosis easier?

agglutination

What function of the AB allows for lysis (MAC)?

complement activation

What is the arrangement of proteins in an antibody?

Y

What part of the antibody is the inner part of the Y and bonded by disulfide bonds?

heavy chains (H)

What part of the antibody is the outer arms of the Y, with one light chain bonded to one heavy chain via disulfide bonds?

light chains (L)

What region of the antibody is the top of the light and heavy chains that change from one antibody to another?

variable region

What region of the antibody is the base of the the Y that is the same for each antibody?

constant region

What part of the antibody has 2 antigen binding fragments that is the arms of the antibody?

Fab fragment

What part of the antibody decides the function and class of the antibody that is the base of the Y?

Fc fragment

What is the structure of the IgG AB?

monomer

What is the structure of the IgA AB?

diemer, monomer

What is the structure of the IgM AB?

pentamer

What is the structure of the IgD AB?

monomer

What is the structure of the IgE AB?

monomer

How many antigen binding site does the IgG AB have?

2

How many antigen binding site does the IgA AB have?

4,2

How many antigen binding site does the IgM AB have?

10

How many antigen binding site does the IgD AB have?

2

How many antigen binding site does the IgE AB have?

2

What is the percent of the total AB in the serum of IgG?

80%

What is the percent of the total AB in the serum of IgD?

1%

What is the average half life in serum of the IgG AB?

23 days

Which AB class crosses the placenta, is predominately in the secondary response and circulating throughout the tissues and blood, that neutralizes toxins, opsonizes, and fixes complement?

IgG

Which AB is a sectretory AB in mucus, saliva and milk?

IgA

What AB is produced at first response to antigen and best at complement activation?

IgM

What AB us the receptor in the B cells?

IgD

What AB is the AB of allergy and worm infection?

IgE

What response is the first exposure to an antigen?

primary response

What response is when the immune system is exposed again to the same immunogen within weeks, months, or even years?

secondary response

What is an example of natural active immunity?

sickness/infection

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

breast feeding

What is an example of artificial active immunity?

vaccine

What is an example of artificial passive immunity?

monoclonal antibody IV or sub-q injection