Lab Vocab + Lecture Labeling

Label and say what is what

See Lab Manual

Label

TOP TO BOTTOM
Pith - The word "pith" has several meanings, but most commonly refers to the soft, spongy, central part of a plant stem or root made of parenchyma cells, which functions in storing nutrients and water

Label

1 subsidiary
2 pavement
3 Guard

XS / TS section

Cross or Transverse

Cut lateral (imagine a cucumber slice)

LS section

Longitudinal

Vertically (imagine a got dog slice)

RLS section

Radial Longitudal Section (same as LS)

TLS

Tangential Longitudal Section

Similar to TS, but off center

CRT sectioning

prepared slide with cross, radial longitudal, and tangential

IKI stain

Iodine Potassium Iodine
Stains Starch a DARK BLUE to BROWN to ORANGE depending on starch present

Nuclei may stain pale gold and cell walls may become yellow

Toluidine blue

Lignified walls and tannin stuctures become deep blue
Cell walls of non-lignified tissue will stain pinkish-purple to red

Phloroglucinol-HCl

stains lignified tissue red

Sudan IV

Cutin, suberin, and waxy/oily sunstances turn red

Aniline blue

tests for presence of callose in the phloem or bark

turns phloem and sieve plates/ares with callose blue

MICROSCOPE PARTS! NAME THEM! WHAT ARE THEY? DO YOU KNOW THEM? LETS FIND OUT

add them here, but also in the other labeling set 

Need to get a better image to label

Stomatal complex (what do they consist of + fxn)

Comprized of stomata, guard cells, and subsidiary cells

Stomata = hole

guard cells = open and close hole

subsidiary = surround guard

Stomata

Pores the plant that assists in gas exchange and assist in photosynthesis and water movement

stomata is the HOLE

Stellate

Star shaped arrangement

ex: stellate aerenchyma

Subsidiary cell

surround the guard cells in various arrangements

Anomocytic type
Diacytic type
Paracytic type
Anisocytic type
grass/parallel type

Guard cell

Surround the sides of the stomata and allow it to open and close when needed

Peltate

meaning “shield shaped”

Pavement Cells

Pavement cells are shaped like puzzle pieces and provide protection. These
cells also secrete a non-cellular waxy cuticle that helps prevent desiccation

Stomatal pore

the tiny openings within a stomata (?)

Anomocytic type stomata arrangement

Random arrangement of subsidiary cells around guard cells

Paracytic type stomata arrangement

Subsidiary cells are PARALLEL to guard cells (1 for each)

Diacytic type stomata arrangement

subsidiary cells are perpendicular to guard cells (one on top one on bottom)

Anisocytic type stomata arrangement

three subsidiary cells of differing sizes

Grass / parallel type stomata arrangement

in the middle of the long subsidiary cells
special paracitic 

SEE LECTURE PHOTO // CLICKER

Protoderm

A type of primary meristem that is associated with DERMAL tissue

procambium

a type of primary meristem that forms vascular tissue

ground meristem

A type of primary meristem that becomes ground tissue

Periclinal Division

Division that adds parallel to the cell surface

ADDS THICKNESS

Anticlinal Division

Division type that adds perpendicular to the surface

ADDS WIDTH // Surface Area

Bulliform cells

One method of reducing water loss from stomata

Causes the plant / leaf to roll and reduce surface area

Trichome

Trichomes can be unicellular or multicellular, glandular (or not), and serve a
variety of functions including defense, reflection, dispersal, and digestion

Hypostomatic

Stomata are only on the bottom
Common in dry areas

Amphistomatic

Stomata are on both sides

Epistomatic

Stomata are only on TOP

aquatic plants like water lilies

papillate

Found on petals (ex Viola); small bumps that are NOT trichomes

seen during an XS cut

Parenchyma

“workhorse” cells in the plant body. They have diverse functions (storage, photosynthesis, repair, secretion, aeration), have thin primary walls, intercellular spaces, and are alive at maturity

Found throughout all organs of plants

Collenchyma

Provides flexible support in growing parts of the plant; think “bendy” parts like young stems and leaf petioles. These cells are not lignified but do have thickened primary (cellulosic) walls

Located a few cell layers below epidermis, in leaves, petioles, young stems.

Sclerenchyma

These are the strongest and most rigid plant cells, with thick, lignified secondary walls.

They provide mechanical support and protection, especially in woody stems, vascular bundles, and seed coats.

DEAD AT MATURITY

Chlorenchyma

a general term referring to parenchyma tissue rich in chloroplasts and actively carrying out photosynthesis


mesophyll is leaf exclusive

Aerenchyma

has intercellular air spaces.
develop by cells separating during growth or cell lysis leaving behind cavities. T

facilitate gas exchange between submerged and aerial organs and buoyancy

Plasmodesmata

JXNS between cells that exist where there is a primary cell wall

Allows for communication and resource exchange

Brachysclereids

Variety of Sclerencyma, very clustered with lignin

Astrosclereids

Star shaped sclerenchyma
see photo

Macrosclereids

Long, fiber like sclerenchyma beneath the cell wall (?)

see photo

Trichosclereids

long, needle-like, branched plant cells made of sclerenchyma tissue that grow in some plants, particularly in aquatic species like water lilies and Monstera

(?)

Fibers

Variety of sclerenchyma

Sclereids

variety of sclerenchyma with subcatagories

Mesophyll

LEAF parenchyma that are high in chloroplast content and deal with photosynthesis and gas exchange

Septate fibers

???

living, elongated cells that are divided into compartments by internal cross-walls called septa

Xylary fibers

?????

structural, non-living cells within the xylem tissue of plants, providing mechanical support and strength to the plant body

Extraxylary fibers

????

plant fibers located outside the xylem, in tissues like the cortex (cortical fibers), phloem (phloem or bast fibers), or around the periphery of the vascular bundle (perivascular fibers)

Angular Collenchyma

Angular collenchyma is a type of plant tissue characterized by thickened cell walls at the corners or angles where cells meet, providing mechanical support to the plant

Lancunar Collenchyma

Lacunar collenchyma is a type of plant tissue where cells have unevenly thickened primary cell walls

Lamellar Collenchyma

Lamellar collenchyma is a plant tissue where cells have continuous layers of thickening, specifically along their tangential walls, which are parallel to the surface of the organ

Annular Collenchyma

EVENLU CELL WALL TISSUE

Collenchyma types

Angular
Lamellar
Annular
Lancunar

Simple tissue

Only has one cell type, named after it

Complex Tissue

Made of multiple Cell types,
gets a unique name

Totipotent

Ability to de-differentiate and become a new cell type essentially

Lignin

Offers RIGID support
makes secondary cell wall
Cell walls with lignin are dead at maturity

Vascular Tissue

Xylem // Phloem

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water

Protoxylem VS Metaxylem

META is BIGGER

Protoxylem is the first-formed xylem that develops during organ elongation and is smaller, less efficient, and has simple, incomplete walls 

metaxylem is the later-formed xylem that matures after elongation, with larger, more complete, pitted walls, and greater water conduction efficiency

Vascular bundles

a strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the insid

Secondary wall thickenings

Annular
Helical
Scalariform
reticulate

Annular Wall thicknings

ring-like bands of secondary cell wall material deposited inside the primary wall of early xylem cells (protoxylem) and other tracheary elements

Helical Wall thicknings

spiral, reinforced sections of a plant cell's secondary cell wall that prevent it from collapsing under tension. Found in xylem tissues like protoxylem and tracheids

Scalariform Wall thicknings

plant cell wall patterns where secondary wall material is deposited in parallel, ladder-like bands, resembling the rungs of a ladder.
This form of thickening is found in tracheary elements of the xylem, particularly in metaxylem, where it provides mechanical support

reticulate wall thickning

a pattern in plant xylem cells where the secondary cell wall is laid down in a network or net-like pattern, with unthickened areas forming a mesh.

This pattern is found in tissues that have completed their elongation, such as metaxylem

Tracheids

a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem which lacks perforations in the cell wall

Pits

thin areas or openings in the secondary cell walls of xylem cells (tracheids and vessel elements) that allow water and dissolved ions to move laterally between adjacent cells

facilitating the efficient upward transport of water throughout the plant

Boardered Pits

bordered pits are a specific type of pit with an overarching secondary cell wall, forming a protective border that creates a smaller opening called the pit chamber and aperture

Vessel Element

Vessel elements form continuous, wide tubes for rapid water transport in angiosperms, while narrower, tapered tracheids are found in all vascular plants and conduct water more slowly through pit pairs between individual cells

Perforation Plate

the end wall of a plant xylem vessel element with one or more openings that allow water and dissolved minerals to flow between adjacent cells

Xylary Fibers

elongated, lignified sclerenchyma cells found within the plant's xylem tissue, providing structural support and strength to the water-conducting tissue

Procambium

a plant tissue, specifically a primary meristem, responsible for producing the primary vascular tissues, xylem and phloem 

Vascular cambium

Connected Cambium that leads to secondary (vascular?) growth

a layer of meristematic cells in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms that produces secondary xylem (wood) internally and secondary phloem (inner bark) externally, forming a continuous ring that increases the plant's stem and root diameter

Primary Xylem

Primary xylem is the initial xylem tissue produced by a plant during primary growth from apical meristems, responsible for transporting water and minerals upwards from the roots.
It consists of protoxylem, the first and typically narrowest elements formed, and metaxylem

Vascular cambium

includes connecting cambium and the vascular bundle’s cambium

Primary xylem

the initial xylem tissue produced by a plant during primary growth from apical meristems, responsible for transporting water and minerals upwards from the roots

Secondary Xylem

a vascular tissue in woody plants that increases stem and root diameter and provides structural support

Vascular tissue system

a network of specialized cells in plants that transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant body

xylem and phloem

Pith

Inner portion of ground tissue

Residual procambium

leftover procambium after it splits into primary xylem and primary phloem

Phloem

transports sugars

Sieve tube members

specialized, living cells in the phloem of flowering plants that, along with companion cells, form sieve tubes for long-distance transport of sugars

Sieve cells

a sieve element of a primitive type present in ferns and gymnosperms, with narrow pores and no sieve plate

Sieve plate

an area of relatively large pores present in the common end walls of sieve tube elements.

Callose

Callose functions in plants by forming specialized cell wall components and acting as a defense barrier to protect against pathogens and environmental stress

Companion cell

living, specialized plant cells in the phloem tissue that provide metabolic and physical support to sieve tube elements

Bicollateral bundle

a type of vascular bundle in plants where the xylem is located between two distinct phloem strands—one on the outer and one on the inner side

P protein

a structural protein found in the sieve elements of the phloem tissue in plants that forms protein bodies or filaments to prevent the loss of photosynthate when the sieve element is damaged

Lateral sieve areas

perforated regions in the side walls of sieve elements (sieve-tube members and sieve cells) that allow for cytoplasmic connections to companion cells and other phloem cells, facilitating the movement of nutrients and metabolites throughout the plant

Phloem fibers

long, thick-walled, dead sclerenchyma cells found in the phloem (inner bark) of dicotyledonous plants, providing structural support and mechanical strength to the stem

Secondary phloem

a vascular tissue in plants produced by the vascular cambium during secondary growth, which increases a plant's girth, or thickness

Phloem rays

Phloem rays are radial strips of living parenchyma cells within the secondary phloem, serving as storage for carbohydrates and other compounds like tannins, and facilitating horizontal transport of water and nutrients from the vascular cambium to the inner phloem tissues