Chapter 21 flashcard

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21.1A Pulmonary vs. Systemic Vessels

  • Pulmonary vessels: Carry blood between the heart and lungs. Pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the heart.

  • Systemic vessels: Deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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21.1B Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste.

  • Regulate body temperature and pH.

  • Protect via immune cells and clotting.

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21.2A Types of Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

  • Arteries: Elastic, muscular, arterioles.

  • Capillaries: Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal.

  • Veins: Venules, small veins, large veins.

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21.2B Structure & Function of Blood Vessels

  • Arteries: Thick walls with smooth muscle for high-pressure transport.

  • Capillaries: Thin walls for gas and nutrient exchange.

  • Veins: Thinner walls, valves prevent backflow, store blood.

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21.2C Innervation of Blood Vessel Walls

  • Sympathetic nervous system controls vessel constriction and dilation.

  • Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure, vasodilation lowers it.

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21.3A Pulmonary Circulation Pathway

Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs (gas exchange) → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium.

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21.4A Major Arteries by Body Area

  • Head: Carotid arteries.

  • Arms: Subclavian and brachial arteries.

  • Abdomen: Celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric arteries.

  • Legs: Iliac and femoral arteries.

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21.5A Major Veins Returning Blood

  • Head: Jugular veins.

  • Arms: Subclavian and brachial veins.

  • Abdomen: Hepatic portal vein.

  • Legs: Iliac and femoral veins.

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21.6A Laminar vs. Turbulent Blood Flow

  • Laminar: Smooth, layers don’t mix, less resistance.

  • Turbulent: Chaotic, increases resistance and noise (bruits).

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21.6B Blood Pressure Definition

The force of blood against vessel walls, measured in mmHg.

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21.6C How Blood Pressure is Measured

  • Sphygmomanometer (BP cuff) and stethoscope.

  • Systolic pressure: Peak during heart contraction.

  • Diastolic pressure: Pressure during relaxation.

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21.6D Poiseuille’s Law Summary

Blood flow is directly related to vessel radius and pressure but inversely related to viscosity and length.

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21.6E Viscosity & Blood Flow

Higher viscosity (thicker blood) slows flow and increases resistance.

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21.6F Laplace’s Law & Critical Closing Pressure

  • Laplace’s Law: Wall tension = pressure × radius.

  • Critical closing pressure: When pressure drops too low, vessels collapse.

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21.6G Vessel Diameter & Compliance Effects on BP

  • Smaller diameter → higher resistance → higher BP.

  • High compliance (elasticity) → lower BP.

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21.6H Blood Distribution in Systemic Vessels

  • Veins: ~60% (blood reservoir).

  • Arteries: ~15%.

  • Capillaries: ~5%.

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21.7A Cross-Sectional Area & Blood Flow Rate

Larger total cross-sectional area (capillaries) → slower flow.

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21.7B Blood Pressure & Resistance Changes

Pressure drops as blood moves through arteries → capillaries → veins due to resistance.

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21.7C Pulse Pressure Definition

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

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21.7D Pulse Locations

Radial (wrist), carotid (neck), brachial (arm), femoral (groin), dorsalis pedis (foot).

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21.7E Capillary Exchange

  • Diffusion: Gases, nutrients.

  • Filtration: Plasma out due to hydrostatic pressure.

  • Reabsorption: Water back due to osmotic pressure.

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21.7F Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

  • Preload: More blood return = stronger contraction.

  • Venous tone: Vessel constriction affects return.

  • Gravity: Standing reduces venous return.

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21.8A Local Control of Blood Flow

  • Tissues regulate own blood supply (oxygen demand, waste removal).

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21.8B Nervous Control of Blood Flow

  • Sympathetic nerves control vasoconstriction/dilation.

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21.8C Hormonal Control of Blood Flow

  • Epinephrine, angiotensin II, and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increase BP.

  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide(ANP) lowers BP.

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21.9A Definitions

  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP): Average BP in arteries.

  • Cardiac output (CO): Blood pumped per minute.

  • Peripheral resistance: Resistance to blood flow.

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21.9B Determinants of MAP

MAP = CO × Peripheral Resistance.

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21.9C Short-Term BP Regulation

  • Baroreceptors detect pressure changes.

  • Adjust heart rate and vessel diameter.

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21.9D Long-Term BP Regulation

Kidneys regulate blood volume via renin-angiotensin system.

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