exam 3

A group of muscle cells stimulated by a single motor neuron is known as a

neuron divergence.
motor unit.
myofibril.
contractile structure.

motor unit.

The neurotransmitter released by the somatic motor neuron to cause muscle contraction is

serotonin.
epinephrine.
dopamine.
acetylcholine.

acetylcholine.

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary (can't be consciously controlled)?

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Which of the following are functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

holding your head up

shivering to generate body heat when you've become chilled

moving your eyes from left to right as you read this question

stabilizing joints and helping to maintain body positions

all of these

all of these

Skeletal muscle is covered, surrounded and protected by various layers of connective tissue. Which layer of connective tissue would surround a bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells)?

epimysium
endomysium
perimysium
hypodermis

perimysium

What is the property of muscular tissue that allows it is able to stretch, and return to its original size and shape?

Conductivity
Elasticity
Extensibility
Plasticity

Elasticity

The site where a somatic motor neuron releases acetylcholine to stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

sarcolemma
neuromuscular junction
endoplasmic reticulum
myofibril.

neuromuscular junction

Which of the following molecules found in skeletal muscle cells binds oxygen that can later be used during aerobic metabolism to help generate ATP?

titin
creatine
myoglobin
glycogen

myoglobin

When oxygen is plentiful inside a skeletal muscle cell, what happens to the pyruvic acid that is formed during glycolysis?

-it is used to convert creatine into creatine phosphate
-it is converted into lactic acid
-it diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream
-it diffuses into mitochondria to be broken down to generate ATP

it diffuses into mitochondria to be broken down to generate ATP

A small amount of muscle tension and muscle definition (the appearance of muscle beneath the skin) is present even in a relaxed muscle. What is this characteristic?

muscle relaxation
muscle recruitment
muscle tone
muscle contraction

muscle tone

If you are an endurance athlete, you especially rely on which type of skeletal muscle fiber to perform your sport?

slow oxidative fibers
fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
fast glycolytic fibers
reticular membrane

slow oxidative fibers

This structure is unique to cardiac muscle cells, and allows individual cells to be firmly attached to each other (to provide mechanical strength during contraction), and also allow the action potential to spread rapidly through the cardiac muscle tissue, so that contractions are smooth and coordinated.

Z discs
sarcomeres
intercalated discs
mitochondria

intercalated discs

Smooth muscle fibers do not have striations like skeletal and cardiac muscle cells do. This is because:

they have no sarcomeres
do not have actin and myosin
they only have one nucleus
they have intercalated disk

they have no sarcomeres

Autonomic motor neurons regulate:

skeletal muscle only
smooth muscle only
cardiac muscle only
both smooth and cardiac muscle
both cardiac and skeletal muscle

both smooth and cardiac muscle

Which ion is required for exocytosis of ACh at the nerve terminus of the neuromuscular junction?

Cl-
Mg++
Ca++
Na+
K+

Ca++

As one ages there is a loss of muscle cells beginning in the \_______.

mid teen years
mid 20s
mid 30s
mid 50's

mid 30s

The muscle cell's contracting unit is known as the

sarcomere.
sarcolemma.
transverse tubule.
polysome

sarcomere.

In striated skeletal and cardiac muscle cell, calcium ions are stored in the

sarcoplasmic reticulum.
sarcolemma.
sarcomere.
transverse tubules.

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What activates the sarcomere to contract?

-Pressure builds up within the myofibril
-Transverse tubules produce contractile proteins
-ATP is released from the sarcolemma
-Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

In the relaxed state, the binding sites on actin are covered by

troponin.
tropomyosin.
transverse tubules.
fibronectin.

tropomyosin.

As long as the levels of calcium and ATP inside the cell are adequate then the contraction cycles will repeatedly occur.

True
False

True

What causes actin to slide toward the center of the sarcomere?

-Myosin heads form a cross-bridge with actin. When the myosin head bends it moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

-The sarcoplasmic reticulum coils to pull the actin toward the center of the sarcomere

Myosin heads form a cross-bridge with actin. When the myosin head bends it moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

At the end of contraction, the sarcomere returns to its relaxed position when

-Calcium pumps remove calcium ions from the sarcomere and put them back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-The hormone relaxin is released to cause the contraction to stop.
-There is a chemical breakdown of the myosin head.
-The pressure inside the sarcomere drops below a specific level required to maintain contraction.

Calcium pumps remove calcium ions from the sarcomere and put them back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Skeletal muscle can contract without nerve stimulation.

True
False

False

Which characteristics describe both skeletal and cardiac muscle?

striations
autorhymicity
cell shape
autonomic control
two of the above

striations

Of the three types of muscles, which has the highest regenerative potential?

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

Which region of a sarcomere contain thin filaments?

I band
A band
Both I and A bands

Both I and A bands

Which protein helps transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons?


troponin
tropomyosin
dystrophin

dystrophin

What energizes the myosin head?

acetylcholine
sodium ions
chloride ions
ATP hydrolysis reaction

ATP hydrolysis reaction

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as

unfused tetanus.
fused tetanus
wave summation.
twitch contraction.

twitch contraction.

After prolonged strenuous exercise has stopped, heavy breathing will often continue for several minutes in order to provide the oxygen needed to

-convert the lactic acid produced during exercise back into glycogen.
-resynthesize creatine phosphate.
-replace oxygen displaced from muscle myoglobin.
-all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct

Which type of muscle tissue is capable of undergoing the stress-relaxation response when stretched?

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

smooth muscle

In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to

re-uptake of acetylcholine
break down by monoamine oxidase
break down by acetylcholinesterase.
diffusion

break down by acetylcholinesterase.

Significant muscle damage following trauma or strenuous exercise can be indicated by...

-myoglobin found in blood.
-few mitochondria located in muscle fibers.
-slow myosin ATPase.
-high amount of glycogen in the sarcoplasm.

myoglobin found in blood.

Why will and individual who lifts weights build larger muscles?

-skeletal muscles are hyperplasic and respond to stress
-skeletal muscle myofibrils and cells increase in number
-skeletal muscles increase number of myofibrils but not number of cells

skeletal muscles increase number of myofibrils but not number of cells

Which muscle fibers are most resistant to fatique?

Fast Glycolytic
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Slow oxidative

Slow oxidative

Which muscle fibers have the most myoglobin?

Fast Glycolytic
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Slow oxidative

Slow oxidative

What type of maneuver is it when you bend your forearm and bringing the weight closer to your shoulder?

rotation
flexion
extension
abduction

flexion

Forming a fist, requires the fingers to perform what motion?

Flexion
Dorsiflexion
Extension
Opposition

Flexion

Muscles act on bones to produce movement. The bones act as levers and the joints act as \__________.

the load
the resistance
the fulcrum
the force
the effort

the fulcrum

Muscle fascicles can be arranged in one of several patterns. Which of the following patterns is not an example of the arrangement of fascicles in a muscle?

pennate
fusiform
triangular
elliptical

elliptical

A muscle that acts as a \__________ stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover may act more efficiently.

antagonist
abductor
synergist
fixator

fixator

Which term best applies to a muscle that acts to move a bone away from the midline of the body?

oblique
synergist
flexor
abductor
adductor

abductor

When the term rectus appears in the name of a muscle, it indicates that

-it is a relatively small muscle
-it is a relatively large muscle
-it is a relatively large muscle it is circular in shape
-the muscle fascicles run parallel to the midline of the body

the muscle fascicles run parallel to the midline of the body

Which list includes muscles that are responsible for facial expressions?

-deltoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior
-rectus abdominis, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
-serratus anterior, external intercostals, internal intercostals
-zygomaticus major, risorius, platysma

zygomaticus major, risorius, platysma

Which of the following is the strongest muscle of mastication?

buccinator
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

masseter

Which of the following muscles act(s) to increase the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?

1. diaphragm
2. external intercostals
3. internal intercostals

1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
1,2 and 3

1 and 2

In a hiatus hernia, the stomach protrudes through which opening of the diaphragm?

the esophageal hiatus
the mediastinum
the aortic hiatus
the inguinal hiatus

the esophageal hiatus

Which of the following muscles act to stabilize the scapula, and would also, when contracted, pull the shoulders back (like a soldier at attention)?

1. trapezius
2. levator scapulae
3. rhomboid major and minor

1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2

3 only

Which of the following pairs of muscles are agonist-antagonists (that is, one flexes and the other extends) the forearm?

biceps brachii and brachioradialis
brachialis and brachioradialis
triceps brachii and anconeus
biceps brachii and triceps brachii

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

The \__________ muscle(s) is (are) the primary extensor muscle(s) of the vertebral column.

transversospinales
erector spinae
spinalis thoracis
scalene group

erector spinae

Improper lifting of a heavy load (such as trying to lift a box of books from its position on the floor), is most likely to cause painful back spasms in which muscle(s)?

splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
longissimus thoracis
erector spinae

erector spinae

Which of the following is not one of the quadriceps femoris group of muscles?

rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
semitendinosus

semitendinosus

Which of these muscles has a major role in opening the mouth (depressing the mandible)?

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
digastric

digastric

The origin of the hyoglossus muscle is the

mandible
styloid process of temporal bone
body of hyoid bone
anterior surface of soft palate

body of hyoid bone

Which of the following are functions of the levator ani?

supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera.
functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction.
constricts the urethra sphincter.
all of the above

all of the above

This fleshy triangular shaped muscle forms the shoulder muscle.

serratus anterior
pectoralis major
deltoid
biceps brachi

deltoid

Muscle paralysis would lead to \___.

hypertrophy
hypyerplasia
atrophy
spasm

atrophy

Which rotator cuff muscle originates on the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

supraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
infraspinatus

supraspinatus

Most of the strength in the shoulder joint comes from the \______________.

glenohumeral ligaments
articular capsule
rotator cuff muscles

rotator cuff muscles

The deltoid muscle inserts on the \___________ of the humerus.

head
deltoid tuberosity
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle

deltoid tuberosity

Most muscles (except muscles of facial expression) cross at least one

joint
ligament
bone

joint

The muscle that serves as the "prime mover" during a movement is called the

agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixator

agonist

The rhomboid muscle is named for what characteristics?

shape
origin
location
insertion

shape

Knee extension during walking is a function of
hamstring muscle group
Correct Answer quadriceps muscle group
tibialis posterior
Iliopsoas

The mastoid process of the temporal bone is an important insertion point for muscles of the neck that move the head.

True
False

True

The quadriceps femoris muscle (made up of a group of four muscles) is the largest muscle of the body

True
False

True

The supinator muscle extends the forearm at the elbow joint.

True
False

False

The lateral (fibular) compartment of the leg contains muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot.

True
False

True

The pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles are:

antagonist
synergist
fixators

antagonist

Flexors of the wrist and hand are in which compartment of the forearm

Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral

Anterior

The serratus anterior muscle acts to \__________ the scapula.

flex
extemd
abduct
adduct

abduct

Which of the following muscles is known as the "tailor's muscle" because it helps you cross your legs while sitting.

sartorius
gracilis
vastus intermedius
semitendinosus

sartorius

Because it is an immovable joint, the sagittal suture, which joins the two parietal bones of the skull, is classified as a \_______.

diarthrosis
synarthrosis
synovial joint
amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous joint

synarthrosis

Bending over and touching your toes describes what movement in reference to your intervertebral discs?

flexion
extension
hyperextension
rotation

flexion

Most of the freely movable joints of the body could be classified both structurally and functionally as \__________.

cartilaginous and synarthroses
synovial and diarthroses
cartilaginous and amphiarthroses
synovial and amphiarthroses

synovial and diarthroses

A gomphosis is which type of joint?

fibrous and a suture
synovial
fibrous and a syndesmosis
cartilaginous and a synchondrosis

fibrous and a syndesmosis

The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by pads of fibrocartilage (the intervertebral discs). The articulations between adjacent vertebrae are called \__________.

synchondroses
symphyses
synovial joints
syndesmoses

symphyses

Some synovial joints contain special crescent-shaped pads that provide additional shock absorption, and provide for a better fit between the articulating surfaces of the bones. These special pads are called \__________.

menisci
labra
bursae
tendon sheaths

menisci

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

to provide lubrication in the joint and reduce friction between articular surfaces

to act as a medium for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

to act as a medium for the diffusion of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide

shock absorption

all of above

none of these

all of above

Which of the following is a type of angular movement?

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
all of above

all of above

A child has learned how to draw circles in the air by moving the distal end of the index (pointing) finger while holding the rest of his hand still. What type of movement is this?

abduction
adduction
circumduction
protraction

circumduction

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint?

the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist

the hinge joint of the elbow

the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx

the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus

the hinge joint of the elbow

Which type of joint confers the greatest range of motion?

hinge joint
ball and socket
planar
saddle

ball and socket

Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow?

-a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint

-muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint

-reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint

-all of these could be contributing factors

all of these could be contributing factors

The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body.

temporomandibular joint
elbow joint
shoulder joint
hip joint
knee joint

hip joint

This joint is the largest and most complex of the body, and consists of three joints contained within its synovial cavity.

temporomandibular joint
elbow joint
shoulder joint
knee joint

knee joint

When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly?

the patellar ligament
the anterior cruciate ligament
the posterior cruciate ligament
medial meniscus

the posterior

Which of the following would be a common occurrence at joints due to aging?

-the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases

-osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur

-articular cartilages become thinner
exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion

-all of these

all of these

By age 20, nearly everyone has some evidence of osteoarthritis in their joints.

True
False

False

A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture is called a

gomphosis.
synchrondrosis.
symphysis.
syndesmosis.

syndesmosis.

Shoulder and hip joints are examples of which type of synovial joint?

pivot joint
hinge joint
ball-and-socket joint
saddle joint

ball-and-socket joint

In a pivot joint, the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.

True
False

True

Which factors help to keep the articular surfaces in contact and affect the range of motion?

structure or shape of articular bones

strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments

arrangement and tension of the muscles

contact of soft parts

all of these

all of these

The prime mover of hip flexion is the \__________.

iliopsoas
semitendinosus
gluteus maximus
biceps femoris

iliopsoas

The difference between a sprain and a strain is that a sprain involves

overstretching muscles while a strain is overstretching ligaments

stiffening of muscles while a strain is stiffening of ligaments

overstretching ligaments while a strain is overstretching muscles

overstretching ligaments while a strain is overstretching muscles

Which type(s) of joint(s) lack(s) a synovial cavity?

1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints

1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
all have joint cavities

1 and 2

Which functional class(es) of joint(s) allow(s) for angular movement?
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis

1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
all of these

3 only

The epiphyseal plate in a growing long bone is an example of a

gomphosis
suture
symphysis
synostosis
synchondrosis

synchondrosis

To peer over a fence, the calf muscles help you stand on your toes. What movement is being performed?

eversion
flexion
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion

plantar flexion