APHG UNIT 5

Agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.

Extensive Agriculture

larger tracts of land and lower quantities of labor and resources

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Seed of a cereal grass.

Subsistence agriculture

the production of food primarily for the consumption by the farmer's family

Agriculture

deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

First Agricultural Revolution

Carl Sauer believed one day in Southeast Asia, people threw away seeds in their food and came back later to a grown plant, through this period in time they had vegetative planting and seed planting

Prime agricultural land

the most productive farmland

Sustainable agriculture

attempts to integrate the growing of crops and raising of livestock as much as possible at the level of the individual farm

Capital Intensive Agriculture

form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods, such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities, to produce large amounts of agricultural goods—a process requiring very little human labor

Grain

seed of a cereal grass

Ranching

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

Swidden

the cleared area in the rainforests used for agriculture spaces as it is very nutrient. once it runs out of nutrients then you must clear another area

Cereal grain

A grass yielding grain for food.

Green revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques in 1970s

Reaper Thresh

A machine that cuts grain standing in the field

Chaff

the hull of a rice plant after removed

Horticulture

growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops

Ridge tillage

system of planting crops on 4-to 8-inch ridges that are formed during cultivation or after harvest; attractive for lower production costs and greater soil conservation

Transhumance

the seasonal migration of livestock and nomads

Combine

A machine that harvests grain crops while moving over a field.

Hull

the hard outer covering of a rice plant

Sawah

a flooded field to grow rice in

Truck farming

highly efficient large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process that grow fruits and vegetables that hire migrant labor ; predominant in SE U.S.

Commercial agriculture

the production of food primarily for the sale of the farm

Intensive subsistence agriculture

hard working (labor intensive) type of agriculture in which there are little to no grains grown and paths in farms are kept narrow in order for more land for farming. Mostly used in rice fields in Asia.

Second Agricultural Revolution

increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation and made the Industrial Revolution happen

Vegetative planting

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants,

such as cutting stems and dividing roots

Comparative Advantage

an economic concept related to Free Trade that says a country should specialize in certain products for export when they hold an advantage in producing those products, and import other products in which they do not have an advantage as compared to other countries

Irrigation

the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops, water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production

Sedentary Agriculture

A method of agriculture in which the same land is farmed every year

Wet rice

rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Crop

grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

Milkshed

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling (not effective now due to refridgerator trucks)

Seed Agriculture

reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization

Winnow

to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

Crop rotation

rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

Paddy

the Malayan word for wet rice

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Winter wheat

wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

Desertification

humans actions causing land to deteriorate to a desert like condition

Pastoral nomadism

a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

Shifting cultivation

chopping trees in a square or rectangle, burn the tree, grind the ash to mix with the soil as a fertilizer, then grow food in the chopped tree area

Yield

the full amount of an agricultural or industrial product

Double cropping

alternating between two crops per growing season to double the harvest

Pasture Spring wheat

a valuable source of high-quality forage planted in early spring