Psych unit 7

personality

a persons unique set of consistent behavioral traits

personality traits

durable disposition to behave in a particular way in variety of situations

factor analysis

using statistical techniques to identify clusters of related info

the 5 factor model (big 5) by costa and mcCrae - openess

a person high in this trait is relatively:

* receptive to new ideas
* creative
* broad in intrests

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low:

* conventional
* practical
* narrow in intrests

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the 5 factor model (big 5) by costa and mcCrae - conscientiousness

high:

* responsible
* organzied
* disciplined
* acheivement-oriented

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low:

* careless
* disorganized
* impulsive
* lazy

the 5 factor model (big 5) by costa and mcCrae - extraversion

high:

* out going
* fun loving
* assertive
* talkative

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low:

* shy
* serious
* passive
* quiet

the 5 factor model (big 5) by costa and mcCrae - agreeableness

high:

* warm
* trusting
* helpful
* easy-going

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low:

* cold
* suspicious
* uncooperative
* argumentative
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the 5 factor model (big 5) by costa and mcCrae - neuroticism

high:

* emotionally unstable
* insecure
* anxious
* moody

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low:

* emotionally stable
* confident
* calm
* even tempered

Allports trait theory - central traits / secondary traits

central: approx 7. main personality traits that are apparent to others and consistent accrosss diverse situations

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secondary traits: unlimited number of traits that only show up in specific situations

cattellls trait theory (16 factor ) source vs surface traits

source traits: 16 underlying personality traits that influence surface behavior

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surface traits: the combination of source traits that make up our personality. these are behaviors that others see and are unlimited

Eysenck’s biological trait theory - introversion / extraversion

introverted:

* quiet
* reflective
* reserved

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extraverted:

* outgoing
* active
* sociable

evaluating trait theories advantage /disadvantage

advantages: gives us terminology to describe behavior

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disadvantage:

* doesnt explain behavior
* does not creat a unique description for everyone ( like a horoscope) (barnum effect)

Physchodynamic perspective

Focus is on the __unconscious & early childhood__

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory / psycho analysis s: structure of personality / mind : ID

* Primitive, instinctual component of our personality
* operates on the pleasure principle (instant gratification)
* Includes: Eros (Life instinct) Thanatos (Death instict ) and Libido (Sexual energy)

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory / psycho analysis s: structure of personality / mind : EGO

* operates on the reality principle (Delay gratification until Id’s urges can be satisfied in a socially acceptable way)

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory / psycho analysis s: structure of personality / mind : superego

* Moral component of personality (values, conscience, right v.s wrong)
* learned by parents and society

Defense mechanism

unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt resulting from unconscious conflict

Defense mechanisms: Denial

\-refusal to recongnize or acknowledge a threatening situation

Defense mechanisms: repression

“pushing” threatining or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory

Defense mechanisms: rationalization

making up accepted excuses for unacceptable behavior

Defense mechanisms: protection

placing on’es own unacceptable thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself

Defense mechanisms: reaction formation

forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the oppisite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts

Defense mechanisms: reaction formation

forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts

Defense mechanisms: displacement

expressing feelings that woke be threatining at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target

Defense mechanisms: regression

falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful b situations

Defense mechanisms: identification

trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety

defense mechanisms: compensation (substitution)

trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other area

defense mechanisms: sublimination

turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior

defense mechanisms: intellectualization

removing emotions from a situation; very logical thinking

Eysencks biological trait theory - neuroticism (emotionality)

high: moody

anxious

restlessness

excitable

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low:

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calm

even tempered

Eysencks biological trait theory - psychoticism

high

* cruel
* hostile
* aggressive
* impulsive
* self s entered

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low:

* warm
* caring
* concerned for others

psycho sexual stages of development

* Fixation

IF a state is not resolved successfully, a fixation may result. A fixation is a preoccupation with a particular source of pleasure

Oral Stage of psychosexual stage (0-1 yr)

* mouth is sourse of pleasure
* focus is on breastfeeding / weaning to determine if successful resolution

fixation: biting chewing sarcasm , smoking, etc

anal stage (1-3 yrs) psychosexual stage / anal retentive / anal expuslive

focus is on potty training to determine if successful resolution

anal retentive: (Too early or too harsh)

* organized
* clean
* likes control

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anal expulsisve (too late or too lax)

* messy
* disorganized
* impulsive

Phallic stage Of psycho sexual stage (3-5) / Oedipus complex & electra complex

sourse of pleasure : genitals

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Oedipus complex (boys) and electra complex (girls)

oedipus : little boys desire mommy and want to kill daddy

( as a result, children use reaction formation and identification and cling to the same-sex parent. this is where the morals of the super ego are learned)

* girls develop penis envy
* fixation: mommy/daddy issues; trouble finding a mate

latency stage (5 years - adolescence)

sexual impulses are dormant; nothing really happens. most interaction occurs with same - sex children

genital stage (adolescence +)

sexual desires reappear ; earlier fixations reappear; sexual energies are channeled towards peers of other sex, rather than towards oneself

Carl Jung analytical psychology - personal uncons

houses material that isnt within one’s conscious awareness bc it has been repressed ot forgotten (our traditional view of unconscious)

Carl Jung analytical psychology - collective unconscious

shared unconscious

* a store house of latent memory traces ineherited from peoples ancestral past; shared by entire human race

Carl Jung analytical psychology - archetypes

symbols of collective unconscious

* ancestral memories ; emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning (used in dream analysis)

Carl Jung analytical psychology - persona

mask to hide true self (Being fake)

* how we present ourselves to the world. the persona represents all of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations. it acs to shield the ego from negative images

alfred individual psychology

striving for superiority (overcoming feelings of inferiority )

inferiority: a feeling , often unconscious, that one is “lesser” to others in some way (pshycial social economical intellectual etc)

* as a result we use compensation (Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities ) which drives us to excel (strive for superiority ) in other areas in our lives

karen Horney

\*Womb envy, ( men compensate in other ways)

* while freud argued personality differences in gender were biological, Horney argued that they were societal / cultural. she also focused on how different personalities were a representation of different ways of attaining love / affection

object relations

early relationships between infants and significant objects (Esp people) shape personality

evaluating psychodynamic perspectives

Cognitive - behavioral perspectives on personality

emphasizes cognitive processes, such as thinking and judging, in the development of personality. these cognitive processes contribute to learned behaviors that are central to one’s personality

B F skinner and behaviorism

personality ( response tendencies) is developed through rewards and punishments

Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory : reciprocal determinism

thoughts / cognition, behaviors and environmental factors all interact and influence each other

Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory - self efficacy

one’s beliefs about thier ability to succeed (produce expected outcomes ) in a new situation. Can be high or low. Can be general or situation specific

walter mischel’s theories - the person-situation controversiy

mischels theories focused on the importance of the situation in determining behavior. identified certain “person variables” and “situational variables” in guiding behavior

Julian rotters expectancy theory - locus of control

behavior is determined by the extent to which u believe ur actions impact ur env.

* people are described as having either an internal LOC (yes, my behavior impacts my environment ) or an external LOC (no, my behavior foes not impact my env)

Evaulating cognitive behavioral perspectives

Humanistic perspectives AKA phenomenological

Emphasizes the unique qualities in humans, especially their freedom to choose thier destiny and potential fro personal growth; be the best they can be

Carl rogers person centered theory - self concept

“self schema”

* collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, human qualities and typical behavior
* (people are subjective in thier self concept)

Carl rogers person centered theory - self discrepancy theory (incongruence)

actual self: who we are

ideal self: who we wish we were

ought self: who “they” say we should be

Carl rogers person centered theory - conditions of worth

the development of the self is determined by the extent to which parents make thier love conditional (positive self concept is based on unconditional love)

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* conditions of worth are created when the person is evaluated rather than the behavior

Mallows Hierachy / theories: self actualization

the need to fulfil one’s potential ; be the best u can be

Mallows Hierachy / theories: growth orientation vs deficiency orientation

growth orientation: focusing on waht you have

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deficiency orientation: focusing on what’s missing

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those with a growth orientation are healthier and more likely to reach self - actualization

Mallows Hierachy / theories: self tracscendence needs

need to find meaning and indentity beyond the self

Mallows Hierachy / theories: esteem needs

need for self esteem, achievement, competence and independence; neede for recognition and respect from others

Mallows Hierachy / theories: safety needs

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable ; need to feel safe , secure, stable

Mallows Hierachy / theories: psychological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

evaluating humanistic perspectives

Individualisms versus collectivism impact on personality

Individualism: putting personal goals ahead of group goals & defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership.

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Collectivism: putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to. 

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object tests (self report inventories)

T/F , Y/N, MC Questions/statements that can be scored

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory

Most widely used; used in diagnosis

(566 T/F Questions ; 10 clinical scales and 4 validity scales)

16PF (Cattell) & NEO - PI - R (Costa & McCrae) (Big 5)

NEO-PI : Compares results from private and public versions

MBTI (Myers- briggs type indicator )

another objective test (Gives 4 letters = personality type)

Evaluating objective tests

projective tests

participants respond to vague, ambiguous

stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject’s __unconscious__ needs, feelings, & personality traits & can be analyzed in many different ways

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Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Tell the story of a picture

Rorschach ink blot test

shown a series of inkblots ; respond to what u see

evaluating projective tests

Motivation

the factors that influence the initiation, direction , intensity and persistence of behavior

sources of motivation : biological factors:

food water sleep sex temperature phsiological factors (drugs or hormones) “internal”

sourse of motivations: social factors

for what? approval of others, acceptance, fitting in/ standing out. by whom: parents / sibilants, friends, teammates, teachers , media , culture / race / religions etc “external “

sourse of motivations - cognitive factors

ex: beliefs , thoughts, expectations & views of yourself and of the world curiousity, intellectual growth, etc “internal”

sourse of motivations : emotional factors

love, happiness, anger , fear , jealousy “internal”

primary vs secondary drives /motives

primary: biological need; directly related to survival (Ex: food , water , oxygen, sleep etc)

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secondary : acquired drives that are culturally determined/learned ( ex: obtaining money, intimacy, social approval , etc)

Drive theory

we are motivated to maintain homeostasis (balance) thie theory best explains biological needs

homeostasis

state of physiological equalibrium or stability

drive

internal state of tension that motivates an organism to behave in a certain way in order to restore homeostasis

incentive theory

incentive = an external goal

we are motivated to obtain desirable stimuli or avoid negative stimuli ex: $, promotion, food, aprooval, a good grade etc.

instinct (evolutionary) thoery

based on survival, natural selection, reproductive capacity, automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behaviors

ex: birds fly south for the winter

arousal theory

people are motivated to maintain thier optimal level of arousal (which is different for everyone)

* if over aroused ( above your optimial level) = motivated to reduce ur level of arousal

VIce verca

lateral hypothalamus

feeding center; “ON” Switch

Ventromedical hypothalamus/nucleus

satiety center; “OFF” switch/ satiety = feeling full

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Controls the selection of specific foods and blood sugar levels

hormonal regulation: insulin

secreted by pancreas; reduces appetite

hormonal regulation: ghrelin

released by an empty stomach = stimulates appetite ; causes stomach contractions

hormonal regulation: CCK

Delivers satiety (Full) signals to the brain

hormonal regulation: Leptin

Long term regulation of hunger, high leptin = high fat storage ; less hunger

enviornmental factors of hunger and eating

palatability ( tastes good = eat more) quantity available (more food = eat more) variety available (increased variety = eat more) cultural factors, learned preferences

set point theory

internal thermostat that fights to maintain body weight within a certain stage (maintained by food intake and metabolism) \*unique to each individual ; this is the body’s “normal” weight

fixed mindset vs growth mindset

Fixed: belief that your basic qualities, like ur intelligence or talent are simply fixed traits

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growth : belief that ur most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. - brains and talent are just the starting point ( love of learning and resilience are essential )

need for acheivement

need for a personal accomplishment

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characteristics of a HIGH need for acheivemnt:


1. Enjoy the process of struggling for achievement
2. Feel intense satisfaction when achievement is reached
3. Set challenging- but realistic- goals
4. Take risks & not upset by failure
5. Seek out constructive criticism from competent sources
6. Preoccupied with performance & level of ability
7. Select tasks with clear outcomes

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LOW:


1. Success produces feelings of relief at having avoided failure
2. Prefer tasks that ensure success
3. Quit in response to failure
4. Do not seek out criticism

need for affliction

need to belong to and identify with a group

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need for aprooval

need to have other people think highly of you

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intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic: desire to attain internal satisfaction

Extrinsic: desire to attain external rewards

overjustification effect

giving a reward for an already desired behavior willl reduce ones aspiration to engage tin that behavior (When introducing extrinsic rewards diminishes intristic motivation) ex- reading month, preffesonal athletes