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social psychology
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
theory by Fritz Heider, theory that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior by crediting their situation or disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the impact of disposition and underestimate situations when analyzing a person’s behavior
attitude
the belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way
foot-in-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
cognitive dissonance theory
when our attitudes and actions are opposed and we experience tension as a result
conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
informative social influence
when the group provides valuable information, but stubborn people don’t listen to them
social facilitation
the improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
deindividuation
the loss of self-Âawareness and selfÂ-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
enhancing a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion
groupthink
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-Âmaking group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
stereotype
generalizations about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category
discrimination
unjust and differential treatment of the members of different groups or social categories
ingroup
people with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup
those perceived as different from one’s ingroup
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one’s own group
scapegoat theory
when individuals undergoing negative experiences blame an innocent individual or group for causing the experience
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-agression principle
principle that frustration creates anger, thus generating aggression
conflict
an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mere exposure effect
effect that says that individuals show an increased preference for a stimulus because of repeated exposure to it
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
an apparently unselfish behavior that provides benefit to others at a cost to the individual; ex: martyrdom
bystander effect
the tendency of any bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process
reciprocity norm
the expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us
social-responsibility norm
the norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
strategy designed to decrease international tensions by one side recognizing mutual interests and doing a small conciliatory act with a goal for reciprocation from the other party
behavioral medicine
scientific field that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge
health psychology
field of psychology that studies stress-Ârelated aspects of disease
stress
any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s wellÂbeing
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the physiological consequences of severe stress
coronary heart disease
a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
type A
competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-Âprone people
type B
easygoing, relaxed people
psychophysiological illness
any stress-Ârelated physical illness such as hypertension or headaches
lymphocytes
a type of blood cell that plays a key role in specific immune responses
coping
the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage the demands of a stressful situation
problem-focused coping
reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress
emotion-focused coping
when we cannot change a stressful situation and respond by attending to our own emotional needs
aerobic exercise
exercise that raises energy, increases self confidence, and lowers tension, depression, and anxiety
biofeedback
electronic devices that inform people about their physiological responses and gives them the chance to bring their response to a healthier range
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
a group of therapies and health care systems that fall outside the realm of conventional Western medical practic
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