1.1 test 4 bio 2 animal

anatomy

physical structure

physiology

functions of structures in living systems

adaptations

heritable traits that promote survival / reproduction in an environment, result of evolution, happen over multiple organism’s lifespans

acclimatization

short term change in individual organism in response to environmental changes

all vertebrate bodies are supported by what

an internal skeleton

four levels of organization

cells, tissue, organs, organ systems

four primary tissue types of adult vertebrates

connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial

epithelial tissue

derived from all dermal types, interface, cover and protect body and organs, secretion and forming of glands, absorption, transfer of water, heat, and nutrients, forms boundaries in layers of closely packed cells; epithelial cells have short life spans and are replaced often

epithelial tissue polarity

distinct sides with differing functions, apical side faces environment, basolateral faces interior

epithelial cell shapes

squamous, flat cells, skin, exchange materials, stratified; cuboidal, cube shaped, secretory, in glandular surfaces, slimy; columnar, hardier, absorptive, in digestive system

define glands

specialized tissues that produce and release secretions from their apical surface

endocrine glands

glands which lack ducts, secrete directly into bloodstream, like adrenals, testes, ovaries

exocrine glands

connection between the gland and the epithelial membrane is duct, sweat, sebaceous, salivary, liver, and pancreas glands

connective tissue

cells imbedded in extracellular matrix, collagen is fibrous and strong, elastin is fibrous and elastic ; function of connective is support, binding, storage and padding, four types, loose, dense, supporting, fluid

loose connective tissue type

loose connective tissue has a soft extracellular matrix and provides padding, contains fibroblast cells which are an array of proteins in soft matrix, found throughout body, hold internal organs in place, package, pad, and store

dense connective tissue type

fibrous extracellular matric, provides connections, dominated by collagen fiber bands, strong and inflexible, ligaments and tendons, poorly vascularized and takes long to heal

ligaments vs tendons

ligaments are bone to bone, tendons are muscle to bone

supporting connective tissue type

firm extracellular matrix, structural support and protection, protects CNS, bone and cartilage

osteocytes bone

embedded in collagen with rigid calcium phosphate matrix

osteon bone

osteocytes, blood supply haversian canal

compact bone

dense osteons, outer edge

spongy bone

houses bone marrow, end of bones, near joints

structure of bone

constructed in thin, concentric layers or lamellae, laid down around haversian canals, contains nerve fibers and blood vessels

bone growth processes

addition of bone tissue on outside of bones by osteoblasts, removal of bone by osteoclasts, hormones stimulate growth and calcium demand stimulates loss

cartilage 

supporting connective tissue, found in joints, flexible, provides padding between the bone, mix of chondrin and collagen

fluid connective tissue type

liquid extracellular matric, functions in transport of blood and other materials throughout body, cells surrounded by liquid matrix, cells form in bone

nervous tissue

consists of nerve cells conducting electrical signals, neurons and supporting cells

neurons

information is transmitted from dendrites to the cell body to the axon

dendrites

branched, short processes that contact other cells, conduct signals from other cells to cell body

axons

long processes, conduct signals from cell body to other cells

schwann cells

supporting cells, contain myelin lipid, speed up rate of signals like insulation on a wire

jobs of the skeleton

provide support and sites for muscle attachment

exoskeleton skeletal type

hard and hollow, outside body, arthropods, bugs

hydrostatic skeleton type

pressure of enclosed fluids, like annelida, slugs

endoskeleton skeletal type

hard structures in body, “normal” skeleton, like mammals, humans, composed of connective tissues, cartilage and bone

bone

cells scattered in hard matric of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

bone movement 

in response to force exerted on skeletal muscle, muscles are attached to bones by tendons

articulations

bones meet and interact, joints, often lined with cartilage, can swivel, hinge, or pivot

how muscles work

exert force by contracting, work in pairs, flexors bring bones toward one another, extensors straighten them out

where are antagonistic muscles in exoskeletons

inside of the joints

circumferential and longitudinal muscles

might come back to this 28 and 29

sarcomere

shorten as the cell contracts, lengthen when cell relaxes