Bio Exam 1

Bio

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Adipose

fat

Blood glucose

70-110 mg/dL

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

beta cells

secrete insulin

alpha cells

secrete glucagon

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

acidic metabolites

lower blood pH and deplete sodium and potassium ions

type 1 diabetes mellitus

diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

type 2 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

inquiry

The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.

Observation

Information obtained through the senses.

scientific literature

a series of related studies, conducted by various researchers, that have tested similar variables

Qualitive data

information scientists first collect, describes anything physical (color, odor, shape)

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

scientific method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

controlled variable

Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

ecosystems

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Communities

assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Organisms

living things

organs

Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

cells

Basic unit of life

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

reductionism

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

emergent properties

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

systems biology

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

genomics

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

proteomics

study of the structure and function of proteins in the human body

high-throughput sequencing

Rapid DNA sequencing on a micro scale in which many fragments of DNA are sequenced in parallel.

bioinformatics

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

interdisciplinary research

A method of research that integrates ideas, theories, and data from different academic fields.

energy cycle

the movement of energy into and out of the earth system

climate change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

diversity

variety

unity

The state of being united or forming a whole.

evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

descent with modification

principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

atom

Basic unit of matter

protons

Positively charged particles

electrons

Negatively charged particles

neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

energy

the ability to do work

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

electron shells

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

single bond

a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons

double bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

cation

A positively charged ion

anion

A negatively charged ion

ionic compound

A compound that consists of positive and negative ions

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

chemical equalibrium

When reactants are forming products at the exact same rate products are forming reactants.

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is.

calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

evaporation

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the solvent

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water hating