IB Sports Med Option C

C.1 Hypokinetic disease

a disease associated with physical inactivity

Habitual physical activity

What we do everyday, moving to get through the day

exercise

Intentional physical activity to improve physical fitness

types of hypokinetic diseases:

\-> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) \n -> obesity \n ->Type 2 diabetes \n ->Osteoporosis \n -> Mental ill-health \n -> some types of cancer

Coronary heart disease

when coronary arteries are clogged with plaque caused by Atherosclerosis

Stroke

a blood clot in a vessel of the brain, blocks blood and O2 getting to areas of the brain, leading to tissue death

Hypertension

High blood pressure (140/90)

Obesity

Excess of body fat

Type 2 diabetes

Body becomes resistant to insulin produced by the pancreas (best treatment is exercise)

Osteoporosis

Low bone density, its like having holes in the bone, it makes it easier to break (to make it stronger/more dense, we put force to the bone)

C.1.4 Discuss how studies of different populations provide evidence of the link between physical activity and hypokinetic disease

Various populations changed their lifestyles from one of high physical activity (traditional, agricultural-based living) to one of low physical activity ("westernized living")

CHD and stroke account for a large % of deaths in high income countries as we become more sedentary

C.1.5 Discuss the relationship between major societal changes and hypokinetic disease

Examples of changes:


1. proliferation of the motor vehicle
2. changes in employment and working patterns
3. changes in diet

C.2 Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

term given to classify a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. (mainly consists of hypertension/high blood pressure, coronary heart disease and stroke)

C.2.1 Outline the coronary circulation

coronary circulation: how blood transfers through heart & how blood supplies itself

your leftmost and highest

Left and right coronary arteries

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2nd arrow left

circumflex artery

lowest arrow

left anterior descending artery

C.2.2 Outline what is meant by the term atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation of plaque (made up of cholesterol and other substances) in the walls of arteries = blood clot

C.2.3 List the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (10)

cigarette smoking, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, age, gender, ethnicity and family history.

C.2.4 Explain the concept of risk factors in cardiovascular disease

Can be sometimes clustered together. Clustering three or more factors together is sometimes called metabolic syndrome. Major components (high triglyceride - blood fat and low levels of HDL- Cholesterol), impaired glucose regulation or diabetes, (particular abdominal obesity) increases risk of CVD

Show Exercise may lower the risk of CHD (4 reasons)

\-may have direct effects on the heart

\-increasing the size of the coronary arteries and making them less likely to get blocked

\-improves endothelial function which means that arteries are able to vasodilate (open up) on demand to increase blood supply, reduce the chances of ischemia

\-helps to prevent obesity thus reducing the risk of blood clots forming

\-major positive effect of exercise is helping to maintain high levels of protective high density cholesterol (HDL)

C.2.5 Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (4 increased risks of CHD)

high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes, low HDL Cholesterol

C.3.1 Describe how obesity is determined (along with limitations on calculations)

Obesity is by definition an excess of body fat, but in reality it is determined using indirect measurements of body, for example body fat index BMI (kg/m^2) and waist circumference

underweight BMI

less than 18.5

A BMI normal

between 18.5 and 25

A BMI overweight (Obese I)

25-30

A BMI = obese (Obese II)

30-40

A BMI morbid obese (Obese III)

40+

BMI Cons

Values can be often misleading - bodybuilders weightlifters, large muscles

More accurate assessments of body fat %s: (and their limitations!)

\-> sophisticated imaging techniques, including dual energy x-ray absrptionmetry (DXA), magnetic resonance techniques (MRI), and computed tomography (CT)

\-costly and time consuming

childhood obesity (3.1)

associated with social stigmatization and bullying.

C.3.2 Outline the major health consequences of obesity (6)

cardiovascular disease and hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, bowel cancer.

C.3.3 Discuss the concept of energy balance (3)

Energy Balance is affected mainly by food intake, resting metabolic rate and physical activity.

If Energy intake > energy expenditure

weight gain

If Energy intake < energy expenditure

weight loss

If Energy intake = energy expenditure

stable body weight

C.3.4 Outline how chemical signals arising from the gut and from the adipose tissue affect appetite regulation (steps)

Hormones are produced by the stomach and small intestine after eating and by adipose tissue (leptin). These pass to an appetite control centre in the brain (hypothalamus) that regulates feelings of hunger and satiety.

C.4.1 Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes (similarity)

both can cause death or hyperglycemia

C.4.1 *Contrast* TYPE *1* Diabetes: (what and who it affects)

autoimmune disorder resulting in the destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas of young people

main type 1 diabetes treatment

insulin (injections)

*Contrast* TYPE *2* Diabetes: (what and who it affects)

is a disease of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese and older individuals with family history

type 2 diabetes treatments (3)

can be treated with exercise and diet/oral medication and insulin

C.4.2 Discuss the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (4)

obesity, family history, diet, physical inactivity

C.4.3 outline the health risks of diabetes (4)

blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage and cardiovascular disease.

C.5.1 Outline how bone density changes from birth to old age

Bone mass density increases from birth through to around 35-45 years of age.

Bone density differences in gender

females achieve a lower-peak bone density than males. From this age onwards, bone mass density decreases (esp in women post menopause)

C.5.2 Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females

low bone mineral density can lead to osteoporosis which leaves a person more vulnerable to fracturing bones

who is affected most by osteoporosis

females post menopause

3 factors determine whether or not a person develops osteoporosis:

\->Their peak bone mass as a young adult

\->The rate of bone loss with aging

→exercise

C.5.3 Outline the longer-term consequences of osteoporosis in males and females (3)

loss of independence, development of secondary complications as a result of long-term hospitalization and pneumonia.

C.5.4 Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis (5)

lack of dietary calcium, cigarette smoking, slim build (ectomorphy), lack of estrogen associated with early menopause and female triad (athletic amenorrhea) and physical inactivity.

C.5.5 Discuss the relationship between physical activity and bone health (effect of too intense workouts on weight-conscious individuals)

weight- bearing physical activity for bone health, but in some cases, intense training in weight-conscious/young athletes gives rise to low body weight/body fat and eating disorders, leading to menstrual disfunction and bone demineralization (osteoporosis)

C.5.5 Discuss the relationship between physical activity and bone health (Changes in bone density)

site-specific and resistance training results in greater changes than endurance training.

C.6.1 Outline physical activity guidelines for the promotion of good health

150 minutes a week of moderate intensity exercise or 75 minutes of high intensity exercise for 18-64

C.6.2 Describe the aims of exercise in individuals with a hypo kinetic disease (5)

\->to make the most of limited functional capacities

\-> to alleviate or provide relief from symptoms

\-> to reduce the need for medication

\-> to reduce the risk of disease recurrence

\-> to help overcome social problems and psychological distress

C.6.3 Discuss the potential barriers to physical activity (4)

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* uncontrolled disease state (unstable angina, poorly controlled diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension)
* hazards of exercise (for example, cycle and swimming accidents)
* musculoskeletal injuries
* triggering of other health issues (for example, heart attack, respiratory tract infections).

C.7.1 Define the term mood

A state of emotional or affective arousal of varying, and nor permanent, duration. Feelings of elation or happiness lasting several hours or even a few days are examples of mood.

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7\.2 Outline the 2 effects of exercise on changing mood states.

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* research suggests exercise is one of the most effective methods of alleviating a bad mood
* research supports the use of exercise in modifying fatigue, anger, anxiety, depression, and enhancing the positive moods of vigour, clear thinking, energy, alertness, increased sense of well-being.

C.7.3 Outline how exercise enhances psychological well-being (physiologically): 4

increases in cerebral blood flow, changes in brain neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin), increase in maximal oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissues, reductions in muscular tension, structural changes in the brain

C.7.3 Outline how exercise enhances psychological well-being (psychologically): 6

distraction from daily hassles and routine, enhanced feeling of control, feeling of competency, positive social interactions, improved self-concept and self-esteem.

C.7.4 Explain the role of exercise in reducing the effects of anxiety

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acute effects of exercise on state anxiety, compounding effect of intensity and duration of exercise, chronic effects of exercise on trait anxiety

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C.7.4 Explain the role of exercise in reducing the effects of depression

Exercise has been seen to play a significant role in alleviating depression although it is a correlational relationship; no causal link has been established.

Nature of workout programme for depression (7.4)

enjoyable, aerobic or rhythmic, absence of interpersonal competition, closed and predictable environment, moderate intensity, 20–30 minutes, several times a week

C.7.5 Discuss the potential personal and environmental barriers to physical activity (social environment) 2

feelings that there is no one to exercise with Physical environment and Social and cultural norms

C.7.5 Discuss the potential personal and environmental barriers to physical activity (physical environment) 2

perceptions of being too old or too fat or lack of enjoyment of a particular exercise),

C.7.6 Describe environmental approaches strategy for enhancing adherence to exercise 3 examples

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prompts, contracting, perceived choice

C.7.6 Describe social support approach strategy for enhancing adherence to exercise 4 examples

joining in, adjusting routines, transportation, providing equipment.

C.7.6 Describe goal setting and cognitive approach strategy for enhancing adherence to exercise

associative versus dissociative focus during exercise

C.7.6 Describe reinforcement approaches strategy for enhancing adherence to exercise 3 examples

rewards for attendance and participation, external feedback, self-monitoring

C.7.7 Outline the possible negative aspects of exercise adherence (addiction to exercises)

negative life choices and relationship issues

C.7.7 Outline the possible negative aspects of exercise adherence (5 symptoms)

stereotyped pattern with a regular schedule of once or more daily, increased priority of exercise, negative mood affect with withdrawal, increased tolerance to exercise, subjective awareness of compulsion to exercise.