Liverpool - me

what is the case study

case study of a major city in UK

location

NW england near mouth of river mersey and east to irish sea

importance

• Liverpool's port was a hub for trade with the United States of America and was an important shipping port in the slave trade.

• Cotton prices in England were benchmarked by the prices that were available in the market by Liverpool's port.

• Liverpool is home two premier league football teams to Liverpool Football Club (and Everton).

• eurovisions 2023 hosted there on behalf of ukraine

• contains two russell group unis - LJM (liverpool john moores uni) and LU (liverpool uni)

• tourism generates £4 billion annually

• 6th most visited city in UK by oversea tourists

• main services are tourism, retailing, banking, finance and insurance

• two cathedrals - Anglican and Roman catholic

• migration to liverpool has racially mixed population - liverpool Chinatown is oldest in europe and has largest arch outside china. CONNECTIONS WITH CHINA

popuLation growth

increased by almost 20,000 from 2011 to 2021 and is now 486,000.

5th largest of eight english core cities.

started as a port cty - making it a gateway between UK and globe

national migration

• Liverpool has populations with strong origins from Wales and Ireland.

• The Irish potato famine of 1845-1849 led many to sail across the Irish Sea to Liverpool.

• Liverpool is on the border of Wales, so there is also a strong Welsh contingent in Liverpool.

• In 2019, there were estimates that 3/4 of Liverpool's population had Irish heritage of some kind.

international migration

• ships from around world arriving there since it was a port since 1715

• liverpool is home to europe’s first chinatown dating back to 19th century

• uk’s oldest black african community is here with records back to 1730

• ethically diverse, with 1 in 8 being from an ethnic minority background

• Liverpool's port has been a trading hub with the world for many years.

• People who come from Liverpool are known as Scousers and have a strong accent, distinctive to many other parts of the UK.

• The decline of the UK's physical manufacturing industries has hurt Liverpool's economic wellbeing as there are fewer physical goods to export via ship.

• International migration has helped Liverpool to end their Premier League title drought, with Mohammed Salah, Sadio Mane, and Roberto Firmino migrating from Egypt, Senegal, and Brazil to improve a weak strike force.

positive impacts of national and international migration

• economic groth - boost in local business

• diversity and multiculturalism - rich cultural fesitvals

• increased labour force - filing skill gaps in healthcare

• innovatiopn and creatuivity - new ideas in music and arts

negative impacts of national and international migration

• pressure on public services - strain on nhs (eg many translators in Notre Dame required so less money to other school resources)

• housing shortage - increased housing price (eg woolton and huyton)

• job competition - high unemployment rate (eg computer science)

• cultural tension - occasional social conflict (eg toxteth riots)

change in industries 19th to 20th century

• now dominated by tertiary industries (service sector)

Environmental opportunities

Urban greening — the decline of industry left many areas of Liverpool run down and open spaces as wasteland. Planners are trying to develop and preserve open spaces such as public parks and gardens. Liverpool ONE, a large shopping and leisure complex, includes a five-acre park (called Chavasse Park) in the city centre.

so far, over 2500 acres parks and open spcaes but of the 10 british cities with the largest populations, liverpool has the least, accounting for only 16.4% of the city area

2)

Cycle and pedestrian routes — to encourage people to get out of their cars and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, green spaces are being made more accessible. and execise equipment in eg sefton park

Social and economic opportunities

Cultural mixing - ethnic diversity has brought a range of foods, festivals and cultural experiences to the city, attracting lots of people, e.g. Liverpool's Chinatown has a thriving Chinese community and is a popular tourist destination.

2)

Recreation and entertainment — the Albert Dock has been restored and developed to include many shops, restaurants and museums (e.g. the Beatles Story). The Echo Arena sport and concert venue was built on a brownfield site at Kings Dock. £1 billion was spent regenerating the city centre to create Liverpool ONE.

3)

Employment — the tourism and service sectors offer a combined total of 160 000 jobs. Development of the 'Baltic Triangle' area turned derelict factories and warehouses into spaces for creative industries, such as film-making and digital design. Some traditional industry also remains, e.g. a car manufacturing plant at Halewood, and Liverpool2 (a container port which opened in 2016).

Integrated transport systems - Merseytravel operates the city's bus, train and ferry networks. Prepaid cards can be used across all networks, making it easier to get around the city and encouraging public transport use.

Environmental challenges

Dereliction - as wealthier people left the inner city, buildings were abandoned.

Derelict buildings were vandalised and many areas, e.g. Toxteth, became run down.

2) Building on brownfield and greenfield sites — as a city grows and

Toxteth

more people move to the suburos, pressure to build on greenfield sites increases. This destroys natural habitats. Liverpool City Council have to consider the environmental impact of proposed building works, e.g. in 2016 they rejected a plan to build 160 new homes on greenfield land. Building on brownfield sites is better for the environment but the land needs clearing and decontaminating first. Many developments in

© Sabena Jane Blackbird /

Alamy Stock Photo

Liverpool have used brownfield sites, including Kings Dock and Jurys Inn.

3) Waste disposal — as the city's population increases, more people are producing waste but there is less space to store it. A new waste and recycling centre in Old Swan was opened in December 2015.

Social and exonomic challenges

Urban deprivation — industrial decline in the 20th century left Liverpool's inner city very deprived.

Anfield and Toxteth are among the most deprived areas in England.

2) Housing inequality - regeneration in some parts of the city has increased inequality. Wealthier areas have better access to housing, education and healthcare. Old housing is being cleared and replaced with modern housing, but it's often too expensive for former residents, forcing them to leave.

Education and employment inequality — many children in deprived areas leave school without basic qualifications, leading to low incomes and high unemployment.

Youth unemployment in Anfield is 8.5% compared to the 2.8% national average.

Unhealthy lifestyles - unhealthy behaviour, e.g. drinking, smoking and having a poor diet, is more common in deprived areas such as Knowsley, where the life expectancy for women is 15 years lower than the neighbouring (and wealthier) area of St. Helens.

main factors for decline of manufacturing om uk (deindustrialisation)

• mechanisation

• overseas competition

• reduced demand for traditional products as new materials and technologies developed

the rise of the service economy of the south of uk is due to

financial services need to suppoty modern quaternary industry

technologu development needs services to keep them, going

increasing wealth

causes of dereliciton of liverpool since 1930w

• decline of 19th century industries in hinterland. fewer exports

• modern industries clustered in south east uk and greenfield sites

• decline in shipping movement to america and old empire

• 19th century docks too small and shalllow to take modern general and container shipping

• port-based industries using imported raw materials such as sugar refining also declined

• increased trade with europe means that ports in eastern uk are better located

• unemployment grew because of containerisation - fewer docks required and a reduction in industrial employment - impacted cityscape - derelict areas and run down

• containerisaion of goods. older docks unusable. port established in Seaforth further along merseyside estuary

environmental schemes

• homes for £1 - eg webster’s triangle in wavertree: pros - whole area benefitted because more tax money invested. good for council. cons - have to have enough (£30k) to fund renovation. have to do in one year. have to live/work in liverpool. have to live there for 5 years.have to be a first time owner

• regeration scheme - liverpool one

• kerbside recycling - +400 tonnes waste products in uk per year.