Chapter 2 Aice International History

Point of Wilson's fourteen points

peace between all nations (considered himself a mediator)

communism

a political theory from Karl Marx, leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their needs

Isolationism

policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Tsar of Russia overthrown by?

Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin

New Russian leader, founder of the Bolsheviks, leader of the Russian Revolution, and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Russia lost what in treaty of brest-litovsk

25% population, 25% industry, 90% coal mines

Big four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

French Goal in Paris Peace conference

to ensure that Germany could no longer be a threat, wanted to destroy Germant economically and militarily

British Goal in Paris Peace conference

wanted Germany on rapid path to recovery since they were major consumers of british exports (but public opinion was anti germany so being newly elected David George promised to give them what they want and make germany pay)

American Goal in Paris Peace conference

wanted peace

Who was the tiger

Clemenceau

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers after World War I which demanded reparations from the Germans (6.6 billion euros) also blamed for the whole war

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal or consituional issue

Mandates

territory taken from defeated countries and given to other countries which were administered by league of nations

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

What land returned to France by Treaty Of Versailles

Alsace and Lorraine

What land returned to Belgium by the treaty of Versailles

Malmedey and Eupen

What returned to Denmark by the treaty of Versailles

North Schleswig

Land given to Poland by the treaty of Versailles

West Prussia

Germany gained these through T.O Brest litovsk but now they gained indepence

Estonia, Lativa, and Lithuania ( also lost african colonies became mandates)

German Military limit

only 100,000 troops and max of six batttleships ( no military aircraft, no submarines, no tanks)

Total amount of reparations

6.6 billion euros

Self-determination

ability of common people nationally to govern themselves (independence)

Which countries received self determination

habsburg, turkish, and romania

Treaty of Saint-Germain

Treaty that formally ended the war with Austria-Hungary. It's land given to Poland, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia

Treaty of Neuilly

A treaty to punish Bulgaria signed in Its land was given to Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania

Treaty of Sevres

Treaty that stripped the Ottoman Empire of all of its land except for Turkey. Dardanelles to stay permanently open.

Treaty of Trianon

Hungary territory to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania (lost 2/3 of its people)

Diktat

Dictated peace

Who took over German African colonies

Britain, France, and South Africa

Successor States

existence by paris peace settlement , new national states ( Yugoslavia Poland Czechslovakia Austria and Hungary)

What were the issues of the successor states

Border disputes , economic issues ,multinational composition of populations ,and political instability

Yugoslavia

King band or political parties and made himself dictator became involved in border disputes with Greece ,Bulgaria ,and Italy

Dictator

A ruler who has complete power over a country

Josef Pilsudski

Dictator of Poland

Treaty of Riga

Added strip of land to Poland's border

Czechoslovakia

Blessed with raw materials ,rich agricultural land , and productive industries

Little Entente

The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia.

Austria

Most productive land given to Czech and Poland and by treaty of St. Germain

Anschulss

Union of Austria and Germany was forbidden by post war peace settlement

Hungary

lost 2/3 population , under control of authoritarian regime ( signed treaties w Italy and Austria)

Treaty of Lausanne

Recognized Republic of Turkey as a new nation

Washington Naval Conference

Japan agreed to limit size of navy to 3/5 size of Brit and US , withdrawed from Chinese land, Brit. US Fr & Jap. protect china against invasion

Genoa Conference

France insisted payments should be made in full by Germany ( David george keen to improve relations between france and germ in this conference but nothing achieved) ( all backed out)

Dawes Plan

held by Charles Dawes annual payment reduced to what Germany could afford , Germany received loan from USA, France withdrew from Ruhr

Woodrow Wilson

28th democratic president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, sought 14 points , considered himself mediation

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Locarno Treaties

Aristide Briand and Gustav stressmen worked for effective relationship (France and Germany), Germ Fr and Belgium promised to respect joint front tiers , Treaty of Mutual guarantee was agreed, Brit pledged to come to France aid if attacked by Germany, Germant accepted permanent loss of Alsace, Lorraine, Eupen, and Malmedey

Treaty of Mutual Guarantee

Britain and Italy to come aid to any country that fell victim to Locarno Treaty

Aristide Briand

prime minster of france 11 times ( concilitary attitude )

Gustav Stresemann

Chancellor of Germany then resigned and became foreign minister

Kellog-Briand Pact

Frank Kellog (US secretary) , signed by no fewer than 65 nations renouncing war but no steps would be take if broken ( US didn't sign) ; absolutely worthless and pointless

Young Plan

Keynes , US knew loans couldn't be paid back until German reparations paid off so reduced reparations to 2 billion euros (german new demands and return of polish corridor and upper silesia)

John Maynard Keynes

British economist , member of Paris Peace conference

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, France and Britain lost vital ally (Russia), Lenin tried spreading this revolution

USSR and Germany

Both outcast so friendly relations, full diplomatic relations between them by Treaty of Rapallo, which was renewed by five more years by Treaty of Berlin ( German nazi party created uneasy feeling for USSR)

Treaty of Rapallo

agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in that normalized diplomatic relations

USSR and France

diplomatic relations restored between the two , fears of nazis increased so french enchanted relationship

USSR and Britain

One of first to formally recognize their gov. ( Anglo Russian), alarmed when treaty of rapallo signed scared of encouraging independence in British india

Comintern

Communist international ( organization made by communist founded in Moscow) aim to encourage communism revolution

Internationalism

policy where US played leading role in international affairs to ensure peace

Shares

means by investing money in businesses

Unemployment benefit

Payments made by a country's government to people who are unable to find a job.

Deflation

a drop in the price level caused by reduction of supplies

Wall Street Crash and Great depression

caused by fundamental flaws in the US, high taxes, no unemployment benefit, banks closed down along with many businesses, less goods ( once crash came, US loans stopped so many countries affected) (Germany couldn't pay reparations)