Final Exam Quiz Questions Community Corrections

A management classification for offenders who enjoy relatively stable and prosocial lifestyles would generally require:

selective intervention.

environmental structure.

casework/control.

limit setting.

selective intervention.

Which is not considered a responsivity factor?

motivation and readiness to change

mental disorder

gender

employment

employment

Risk refers to the probability that an offender will reoffend.

True

False

True

The more criminogenic risk factors that are targeted for change the greater the reduction in recidivism.

True

False

True

Which of the following is a term used with offenders who enjoy "beating the system"?

antisocial attitudes

limit setting

motivation and readiness to change

selective intervention

limit setting

A common tactic used by offenders, _________________ are a set of verbalizations which fucnion to say in particular situations that it is ok to violate the law.

denials

nuetralizations

resposivities

minimizations

nuetralizations

Which of the following is not an issue associated with assessment?

Many agencies assess offenders, but ignore impotant factors.

Agencies can employ processes that assess offenders but do not produce scores or distiguish levels.

Some agencies conduct assessments but fail to use this information to promote individualized interventions.

Many assessment instruments are adopted without being normed or validated for specific offender populations.

Each of these are issues associated with assessment.

Each of these are issues associated with assessment.

Life course studies indicate that by age 14, _______ percent of later serious offenders have committed their first criminal act.

up to 40

roughly 25

up to 85

None of the above, research is inconclusive

up to 85

When conducting the offender assessment, all conclusions should be drawn considering only risk, need and responsivity.

True

False

False

Regarding the issue of assessment validity, a ________________ occur when predicted successes actually fail.

false positive

false negatives

reliable outcomes

strong assessments

false negatives

What percentage of people on supervision are on regular caseloads?

10

30

50

80

80

The best way to assign offenders to officers is:

match offender with staff based on characteristics of both officer and offender

randomly assign offender

horizontal model

horizontal model and geographic balancing

match offender with staff based on characteristics of both officer and offender

This model for assigning officers and offenders takes into account multiple factors when assigning cases. It divides the range of offender characteristics into vertical slices to create caseloads.

horizontal model

geographic location model

vertical model

pragmatic model

vertical model

Using a brokerage role, the probation officer is likely to connect offenders to other resources, make referrals, and monitor compliance but does not take on the task of understanding or changing client behavior.

True

False

True

Neutralizations allow offenders to convince themselves that their behaviors are justified or ok. Which of the following is not a common category in which these beliefs fall?

denial of the victim

denial of injury

denial of responsibility

Each of these are common categories that neutralizations fall into.

Each of these are common categories that neutralizations fall into.

The ABC model operates under the assumption that situations drive irrational and criminal behavior.

True

False

False

Which of the following trends have emerged over time in probation and parole supervision?

an increased number of clients under correctional control

a decrease in the range of offenses for which offenders are being supervised

an increasing use of alternatives to regular supervision

an increased number of clients under correctional control and an increasing use of alternatives to regular supervision

an increased number of clients under correctional control and an increasing use of alternatives to regular supervision

Which of the following is a primary approach or strategy to supervision?

surveillance

judicial

casework

synthetic

casework

One way an officer can promote change in offender behavior is through teaching cognitive skills such as problem solving, managing negative peers more effectively, and navigating situations in which they feel disrespected.

True

False

True

A relatively recent but promising development in the field of corrections is the use of volunteers in supervision. Volunteers are being utilized to deliver both direct and support services to clients in the community.

True

False

False

Intermediate sanctions fill the gap between regular probation and prison.

True

False

True

Which of the following is not a type of graduated response

jail

intensive supervision

early termination

residential treatment

early termination

Which of the following explains the increased use of intermediate sanctions?

prison populations expanded

more options for sanctions

alternatives to sentencing

all of the above

prison populations expanded and more options for sanctions

all of the above

What theory provides a framework for the principles of Swift, Certain and Fair?

social learning theory

deterrence theory

social support theory

rehabilitative justice theory

deterrence theory

Intensive supervision programs have not shown significant reductions in future crimes.

True

False

True

Which of the following is an intermediate sanction designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes during the hours when they are not at work, attending a treatment program, or visiting a supervising officer?

halfway house

community residential treatment centers

restitution center

work release program

house arrest

house arrest

Day-reporting centers are designed to provide a location in which offenders check-in daily, receive treatment, and provide supervision.

True

False

True

Which of the following is the most damning argument against the use of home detention?

It is not terribly cost effective.

Its use leads to a net widening effect; whereby more people are brought into the formal justice system than would be without its use.

It is often too harsh of a punishment given that it is commonly used prior to conviction.

All of the above are key arguments against its use.

Its use leads to a net widening effect; whereby more people are brought into the formal justice system than would be without its use.

Research suggests the more effective day reporting centers will tend to be those that have a variety of classes/services, such as ______________.

drug abuse education

life-skills training

group and individual counseling

educational development

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is a primary rationales driving the use of of community service?

retribution

deterrence

restoration

incapacitation

restoration

One problem in assessing effectiveness of community corrections centers is the difficulty in developing adequate comparison groups for follow-up studies.

True

False

True

What type of halfway house is designed to provide maximum services and programs?

supportive

interventive

private

public

interventive

Supportive halfway houses offer a full range of services.

True

False

False

Residential facilities for sentenced offenders released from a correctional institution for work during the day are called:

restitution centers

day-reporting centers

work furlough centers

driver intervention programs

work furlough centers

A broad correctional ideology stressing acquisition of legitimate skills and opportunities by criminal offenders, and opportunities to use those skills in community settings is:

deterrence

incapacitation

retribution

reintegration

reintegration

According to the text which of the following is NOT a reason for using halfway houses?

they are cheaper than prison

they are in a more realistic setting than prison

they are more humane than prison

they can house more inmates than prison

they can house more inmates than prison

Most halfway houses accept only probationers.

True

False

False

Which is NOT a criticism of halfway houses?

the failure to adequately assess offenders

most do not accept substance abusers

high staff turnover

most offer an eclectic range of treatment

most do not accept substance abusers

__________ are community residential centers for offenders ordered by the court to make financial payments to their victims.

Day-reporting centers

Work furlough centers

Restitution Centers

Community Service Providers

Restitution Centers

Halfway houses are a relatively new innovation in corrections.

True

False

False

Females comprise ____ percent of adults under correctional control.

3

15

30

50

15

Select the primary reason that probation and parole agencies have specialized caseloads.

easier to monitor

train officers specific to the population

better relationship with providers

higher risk population

train officers specific to the population

For every time a person is caught drinking and driving, research shows that they drove ___ without being caught.

80+

~50

`25

less than 10

None of the above

80+

Most drug-addicted women are educated and have steady employment.

True

False

False

Static risk assessments for sexual offenders often include all of the following except

age of the offender

history of offending

marital status

income of the offender

income of the offender

An example of an acute measure of risk is

unemployment

education level

history of criminal behavior

attitudes towards offense

unemployment

There are five times as many mentally ill people in prison as the general population.

True

False

True

Identify the reasons that mentally ill offenders end up in prison and jail at such a higher rate. Mark all that apply.

more criminal than non-mentally ill people

arrested for homelessness

poor and therefore cannot afford bond

difficult time coping with incarceration

arrested for homelessness

poor and therefore cannot afford bond

difficult time coping with incarceration

According to Daly pathways for criminal behavior for females includes:

street women

career criminals

white collar criminals

psychopathy

street women

Sex offender notification was a part of what law?

Jennifer's Law

Michael's Law

Megan's Law

Winfred's Law

Megan's Law

Veteran courts are usually operated by the Veteran's Administration.

True

False

False

Drug Court is a collaborative process that brings together the following stakeholders:

judge

probation

prosecution and defense

treatment provider

all of the above

all of the above

Mental Health courts usually require voluntary participation.

True

False

True

Exclusionary criteria for drug courts vary, but in general includes:

history of violence

alcohol users

pregnant women

heroin addicts

history of violence

Reentry courts are designed to:

help with probation case management

assist offenders exiting jails and prisons

monitor compliance of conditions for probationers and parolees

all of the above

assist offenders exiting jails and prisons

Which is not a type of problem-solving court?

prostitution

sex offender

white collar

gun

white collar

Family drug courts are unique because they target which of the following?

non-custodial parents

parental rights

foster children

none of the above

parental rights

Sex offender courts focus on which of the following?

pedophiles

treatment

employmeny

community management of the offender

community management of the offender

One issue facing problem-solving courts is:

funding

lack of eligible participants

lack of community support

all of the above

funding

In general juvenile drug courts have been found to be effective in reducing recidivism.

True

False

False

Which is not a limitation of measuring recidivism?

the definition used

the statistical tests used to analyze the data

the length of the follow-up period

the availability of data

the statistical tests used to analyze the data

Implicit bias can occur when people make unconscious assumptions about a person because of his or her race.

True

False

True

Interventions and treatment requirements should consistent across offenders.

True

False

False

Most of the correctional programs assessed with the CPC have scored in the Very High Adherence to EBP category.

True

False

False

Collateral consequences of a felony include which of the following?

prison sentence

jail time

fines

loss of voting rights

Which of the following would not be considered an appropriate outcome measure to examine the effectiveness of community corrections?

reducing recidivism

reducing cost

reducing positive drug tests

reducing restitution payments

all of the above would be appropriate measures

reducing restitution payments

According to the text, which is not an element of program integrity?

the design of the program

the staff

the treatment interventions used

organizational structure

organizational structure

_____ and _____ would improve community corrections significantly.

Training and quality assurance

Coaching and use of assessment

Family connections and staff hiring

All of the above

All of the above

A parolee who is returned to prison for failing to conform to the conditions of parole (but who has not committed a new crime) is:

usually known as a technical parole violator

called an absconder

termed a habitual offender

usually released after serving a few days

usually known as a technical parole violator

According to the text, despite the need to include other outcome measures, recidivism remains the most important indicator.

True

False

True

How many adults are under correctional control

1 in 40

What is considered when considering pretrial release?

Risk of flight and danger

Evidence Based Practices

consistent scientific research that is proven to work

How do we measure outcomes

recidivism rates

Trends over time

net widening by adding more options and increasing the use

Who decides probation

judge

who decides parole

parole board or assessments

do intermediate sanction happen before or after prison

before

intermediate sanctions

punishment options that are considered on a continuum to fall between traditional probation and incarceration

when is a graduated response used

when regular probation isnt working because of non compliant behavior (adds more conditions)

restitution

attempts to restore the harm caused. an act of accountability and self punishment

what is eligible for restitution

lost income, court costs, medical expenses, therapy, counseling, expenses (pain and suffering is only civil)

who is eligible for restitution

victims, families, and organizations

issues with restitution

determining the amount, collecting it (most can’t pay and cant get off of probation until they do), and lack of victim participation

what are economic intermediate sanctions

payment as a form of entire punishment used to punish, deter, and restore (cheaper and easier)

Fines

monetary payment imposed by a judge as punishment

day fines

fines based on income

fees

money collected to cover the costs of their conditions (many are set by law)

forfeiture

government seizing property and selling it for profit - helps deter

community service

Rehabilitation- have to give time and effort. also gives a goal to work toward

restorative- unpaid service to the public to compensate society for harm done by others

community service outcomes

Completion depends on how its enforced. it has lower completion and similar recidivism rates as monetary restitution. The public supports it

Types of Intensive supervision probation

diversion programs and enhancement programs - weekly contact, random drug tests, strict enforcement of conditions, treatment, hold a job, community service

Demonstration Project

• sponsored by the bureau, no programs were the same, very close supervision

Cheaper than incarceration and about the same as normal supervision, with higher recidivism

day reporting centers

places to report to daily - pretrial supervision, heightened probation supervision, reentry mechanism, high risk offender

3 phase day reporting center

report daily for treatment, itineraries, and random drug testing

treatment oriented day reporting

offer a wide range of programs while they still go on with their lives

supervision oriented day reporting

ensures clients abide by the rules, stay accountable, and occupy their time with good activities

day reporting outcomes

clearly specified goals and defined target populations. They stay out of trouble if occupied with good, normal life activities

Home detention

forces offenders to stay within the confines of their home or on their property for a period of time. Electronic monitoring, weekly reporting, visits, drug testing, therapy, following terms

Fees of home detention

daily fees, court fines and fees, makes it their problem