cases due process 4

Chimel v. California (1969)

Police arrested Chimel in his home and searched entire house without a warrant

Chimel v. California (1969) Issue

Can police search an entire home incident to arrest?

Chimel v. California (1969) Holding

NO—only area within immediate control can be searched

Chimel v. California (1969) Rule

SILA limited to person + wingspan area

Chimel v. California (1969) Why it matters

Prevents overly broad searches during arrest

New York v. Belton (1981) Facts

Police arrested occupant of a car and searched passenger compartment

New York v. Belton (1981) Issue

Can police search entire passenger area of a car after arrest?

New York v. Belton (1981) Holding

YES—entire passenger compartment can be searched

New York v. Belton (1981) Rule

Created bright-line rule for car SILA

New York v. Belton (1981) Why it matters

Gave police broad power to search cars after arrest

Arizona v. Gant (2009) Facts

Gant arrested, secured in police car, then officers searched his car

Arizona v. Gant (2009) Issue

Can police search a car when suspect cannot access it?

Arizona v. Gant (2009) Holding

NO—unless evidence of crime of arrest is in car

Arizona v. Gant (2009) Rule

SILA in cars only if access OR evidence of crime present

Arizona v. Gant (2009) Why it matters

Limits Belton and narrows police power

Carroll v. United States (1925) Facts

Police searched car suspected of transporting illegal alcohol

Carroll v. United States (1925) Issue

Can police search a car without a warrant?

Carroll v. United States (1925) Holding

YES—with probable cause

Carroll v. United States (1925) Rule

Created Motor Vehicle Exception

Carroll v. United States (1925) Why it matters

Cars can be searched without warrant due to mobility

Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Facts

Police seized car and searched it later at station

Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Issue

Must the search happen immediately?

Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Holding

NO—can search later if probable cause existed

Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Rule

MVE allows delayed searches

Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Why it matters

Timing flexibility for vehicle searches

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Facts

Evidence seized without warrant under plain view

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Issue

When does plain view apply?

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Holding

Only if lawful presence, access, and immediately apparent

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Rule

3 requirements for plain view

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Why it matters

Defines limits of plain view doctrine

Horton v. California (1990) Facts

Police found evidence not listed in warrant

Horton v. California (1990) Issue

Must discovery be accidental?

Horton v. California (1990) Holding

NO—inadvertence not required

Horton v. California (1990) Rule

Plain view does not require surprise

Horton v. California (1990) Why it matters

Expands plain view doctrine

Texas v. Brown (1983) Facts

Officer saw balloon tied in a way associated with drugs

Texas v. Brown (1983) Issue

Must officer be certain item is illegal?

Texas v. Brown (1983) Holding

NO—probable cause is enough

Texas v. Brown (1983) Rule

“Immediately apparent” = probable cause standard

Texas v. Brown (1983) Why it matters

Lowers threshold for plain view seizure

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Facts

Officer felt lump during frisk and identified drugs

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Issue

Can officers seize items through touch?

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Holding

YES—if immediately apparent

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Rule

“Plain feel” doctrine

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Why it matters

Extends plain view to touch

Terry v. Ohio (1968) Facts

Officer stopped men suspected of casing a store

Terry v. Ohio (1968) Issue

Can police stop without probable cause?

Terry v. Ohio (1968) Holding

YES—with reasonable suspicion

Terry v. Ohio (1968) Rule

Allows stop + frisk for weapons

Terry v. Ohio (1968) Why it matters

Created reasonable suspicion standard

Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Facts

Suspect fled in high-crime area

Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Issue

Does flight create reasonable suspicion?

Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Holding

YES—can contribute to RS

Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Rule

Flight + context = RS

Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Why it matters

Defines factors for RS

Florida v. J.L. (2000) Facts

Anonymous tip said person had a gun

Florida v. J.L. (2000) Issue

Is anonymous tip enough for RS?

Florida v. J.L. (2000) Holding

NO—needs reliability

Florida v. J.L. (2000) Rule

Tips must be corroborated

Florida v. J.L. (2000) Why it matters

Limits police reliance on tips

United States v. Robinson (1973) Facts

Arrested suspect searched fully

United States v. Robinson (1973) Issue

Can police do full search after arrest?

United States v. Robinson (1973) Holding

YES

United States v. Robinson (1973) Rule

Full search allowed after lawful arrest

United States v. Robinson (1973) Why it matters

Expands SILA on person

Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Facts

Officer issued citation then searched car

Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Issue

Is citation enough for SILA?

Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Holding

NO

Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Rule

Must be actual arrest

Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Why it matters

Limits SILA use

Maryland v. Buie (1990) Facts

Police searched house for hidden dangers

Maryland v. Buie (1990) Issue

Can police do protective sweep?

Maryland v. Buie (1990) Holding

YES—with reasonable belief of danger

Maryland v. Buie (1990) Rule

Limited sweep for safety

Maryland v. Buie (1990) Why it matters

Adds safety-based exception

Michigan v. Long (1983) Facts

Police searched car for weapons during stop

Michigan v. Long (1983) Issue

Can officers search car in Terry stop?

Michigan v. Long (1983) Holding

YES

Michigan v. Long (1983) Rule

Search allowed if suspect dangerous

Michigan v. Long (1983) Why it matters

Extends Terry to cars