PSY 100 Final Exam (Knoll - 2024)

Howard Gardner

Harvard professor (developmental psychologist) that identified 8 relatively independent intelligences and then later proposed a ninth possible intelligence: existential intelligence

Existential Intelligence

the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence

Linguistic Intelligence

Ability to use language effectively for communication, storytelling, reading, and writing. (Examples: Writers, Poets, Speakers, Lawyers)

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Ability to think logically, solve mathematical problems, and analyze situations systematically. (Examples: Scientist, Mathematicians, Engineers)

Spatial Intelligence

Ability to visualize and manipulate objects in a spatial dimension, including understanding maps, patterns, and designs. (Examples: Architects, Artists, Graphic Designers)

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Ability to use one's physical body skillfully and handle objects with dexterity. (Examples: Athletes, Dancers, Craftspeople)

Musical Intelligence

Sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones, and music, including the ability to recognize and create musical patterns. (Examples: Musicians, Composers, Singers)

Interpersonal Intelligence

Ability to understand and interact effectively with others, including empathy, social skills, and communication. (Examples: Teachers, Counselors, Politicians, Salespeople)

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Ability to understand oneself, including awareness of one's own emotions, motivations, and goals. (Examples: Psychologists, Philosophers, Writers (explore self-awareness))

Naturalistic Intelligence

Ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other elements in nature; an affinity for understanding the environment. (Examples: Biologist, Botanists, Conservationists)

Crystallized Intelligence

accumulated knowledge you can recall as needed (what you know)

Fluid Intelligence

your ability to learn, assess, and navigate new situations (how you think)

Intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Savant Syndrome

a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

Robert Sternberg

American Psychologist who proposed 3 stages of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's 3 intelligences

Analytical, creative, practical

Intelligence Test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Aptitude Tests

designed to predict person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Achievement Test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

IQ Formula

mental age of 10/chronological age of 8 x 100= 125

Flynn Effect

the observed rise in average IQ scores over time

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict

Reliability

Extent to which test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of test, on alternative forms of test, or retesting (consistency)

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate impact of the situation and to overestimate impact of personal disposition

Situational Attribution Errors

is when someone attributes their own behavior primarily to external situational factors rather than internal characteristics, essentially blaming the situation rather than themselves

Cognitive Dissonance

the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. They Prescribe 'proper' behavior

Social contagion

The spread of behaviors, emotions, or attitudes through a group or network, without rational thought or reason

Chameleon effect

A psychological phenomenon where people unconsciously mimic the behaviors of others in their social environment

ASCH study

Matching lines; answer knowingly incorrectly to fit in/match with the other people

Milgram study

Obedient; shocking people to death from a person of authority

Social loafing

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (EX: Someone is a group project that are not taking part as much as they should)

Opposites attract

No, doesn't apply; however the similarity of attitudes and interests is an important marker for relationship compatibility

Bystander effect

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (action of others)

Diffusion of responsibility

a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel less responsible to act when surrounded by others (action being around others)

ID

Unconscious energy; that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Ego

Mostly conscious; makes peace between the id and the superego, operates on the reality principle satisfying the id's desires in the way that will satisfy

Superego

Internalized ideals; Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Collective unconscious

Universal version of the personal unconscious which holds mental patterns (memory traces) that are common to all of us (EX: Archetypes, Social phobias)

Conscious mind

Refers to the thoughts, feelings, and experiences that we are aware of at any given moment

Unconscious mind

A much larger reservoir of thoughts, memories, and desires that are hidden from our conscious awareness

Carl Rogers Unconditional Positive Regard

The act of accepting and valuing someone completely without judgment or conditions

Defense Mechanisms

The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Regression

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated (Example: A child reverts to the oral comfort of thumb-sucking on their way to their first day of school.)

Reaction Formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (Example: Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.)

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (Example: "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief" (an El Salvadoran saying))

Rationalization

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions (Example: A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable.")

Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person (Example: A child kicks the family dog after their mother puts them in time-out.)

Denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities (Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness refuses to accept the diagnosis and insists that they are healthy despite medical evidence.)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

self-actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety, physiological

Archetypes

ancestral memories of the collective unconscious that appear as symbols across cultures in myths, stories, and religions

The Hero

acts to redeem society by overcoming great odds in service & completing extraordinary acts of strength, courage and goodness (EX: Luke Skywalker, Miles Morales, Harry Potter)

The Mentor

provides guidance, support, and knowledge to help the main character achieve their goals (EX: Mr. Miyagi, Gandalf, Yoda)

The Innocent

childlike wonder, simplicity, and a belief in the inherent goodness of people (EX: Chihiro, Aang, Young Simba, Snow White)

the impact that Sybil have on DID diagnoses

significantly increased the number of diagnosed cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Positive symptoms in schizophrenia

refer to abnormal behaviors or perceptions that are present, like hallucinations and delusions

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia

indicate a lack or reduction of normal behaviors, such as flattened affect, reduced motivation, and social withdrawal

how APA define a psychological disorder

a significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that causes distress or disability

Bipolar Type I

involves at least a manic episode that lasts at least 7 days (or less if hospitalization is required)

Bipolar Type II

involves at least one episode of hypomania and one major depressive episode

Hypomania

a milder form of mania that lasts at least 4 days, characterized by increased energy, confidence, and activity, but without severe impairment or psychosis

Mania

Involves more extreme symptoms that can lead to impairment in functioning and may even include psychosis, often requiring hospitalization; both conditions typically need to last for at least a few days to be diagnosed.

Stage 1: Oral stage

the first stage of psychosexual development, occurring from 0-18 months, where pleasure is derived from oral stimulation

Stage 2: Anal stage

the second stage of psychosexual development, occurring from 18 months to 3 years, where children learn to control bowel movements

Stage 3: Phallic stage

the third stage of psychosexual development, occurring from 3-6 years, where children identify with the same-sex parent

Stage 4: Latency period

the fourth stage of psychosexual development, occurring from 6 years to puberty, where sexual feelings are dormant

Stage 5: Genital stage

the final stage of psychosexual development, occurring from ages 12 and up, characterized by sexual reawakening and the development of healthy relationships

OCD Complusions

repetitive actions or behaviors that people with OCD feel compelled to perform to reduce or get rid of their obsessions

OCD Obessions

lasting and unwanted thoughts that keeping coming back or urges or images that are intrusive and cause distress or anxiety

Illness anixety

a mental health condition that causes people to have an excessive and persistent fear of having a serious illness

Somatic Symptom Disorder

a condition where a person has chronic physical symptoms along with extreme and maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to those symptoms

Social Anixety Disorder

a chronic condition characterized by intense fear or anxiety in social situations, leading to avoidance of such interactions.