Personality - Pysch

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

what are the stages of freuds psychosexual theory

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

oral stage of psychosexual development

The first stage in Freud's theory (from birth to 18 months), in which the erogenous zones are the mouth, lips, and tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing.

anal stage of psychosexual development

The second stage in Freud's theory (from 18 months to 3 years), in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements.

phallic stage of psychosexual development

The third stage in Freud's theory (from 3 to 6 years), in which the erogenous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation.

latency stage of psychosexual development

The fourth stage in Freud's theory (from 6 years old to puberty), in which there is no erogenous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development.

genital stage of psychosexual development

The fifth stage in Freud's theory (from puberty through adulthood), in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals, and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships.

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

electra complex

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

psychoanalysis

freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

unconscious

according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts wishes feelings and memories, according to contemporary psychologists, information processing we are unaware of

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. mostly conscious, makes peace between the id and the superego

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations, internalized ideals

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. unconscious energy

Pleasure Principle (Id)

the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs

reality principle (ego)

the governing principle of the ego, which involves considerations of social acceptability and practicality

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development during which according to freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

psychodynamic theories

modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Neo-Freudians

Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and aggression.

collective unconscious

carl jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

thematic apperception test TAT

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by hermann Rorschach, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots, but doesn't yield consistent results, and isn't reliable

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

inferiority complex

Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences

karen horney

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory, introduced womb envy, offered concept that environment and social situations might be causal factors instead of just biological and instructural drives, she proposed that relationships greatly shape your personality

penis envy (the phallic stage)

According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.

womb envy

Horney's comment than men are likely to feel womb envy because they are unable to bear children

carl jung

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

humanistic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill one's potential

unconditional positive regard

according to rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

carl rogers

Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality, the ingredients of a growth-promoting environment are genuineness, acceptance and empathy

traits

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

What are the big five personality factors?

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

conscientiousness

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

contributers to psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory of personality

freud, jung, horney, adler

contributers to behaviorism/social cognitive theory of personality

skinner, rotter, bandura

contributers to humanistic theory of personality

rogers, maslow

Skinner on personality

Environment determines personality. If we change the environment, we change behavior, and therefore change personality.

Rotter and personality

Locus of control is a key component of personality

Bandura and personality

learning principles (reinforcement and environment) account for personality

Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

determined that personality could be described in 7 or fewer terms most of the time, personality consists of cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits

Raymond Cattell

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test), the degree to which a person scores on one side of the other of each factor forms their unique personality profile

hans eysenck

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion, emotionality vs stability, extraversion vs introversion, proposed that biological causes were behind the different levels of each factor for different people

Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

creators of the "Big Five" model of personality traits, based on their own factor analysis and many other studies identified that 5 dimensions appear across the board, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness

compensation

we overemphasize one of our strengths in order to detract from a perceived inadequacy

denial

we refuse to perceive/reject "reality" in order to protect ourselves from it

displacement

we vent our anger against people or objects that are not dangerous to us

fantasy

we fantasize/daydream in order to hide from reality and take gratification from imagined successes

identification

the attempt to model oneself after a person/group to gain a sense of self-worth often adopting their values, mannerisms, clothing

intellectualization

we seek to decrease anxiety/conflict by thinking in cold or detached ways. focus on the intellectual rather than the emotional components, using abstract thought to detach from an emotional experience

projection

we ascribe our own unacceptable feelings or behaviors to other people, seeing your faults in others

rationalization

we try to create logical explanations for our behavior in order to justify it

reaction formation

we express feelings or behaviors that are opposite to the undersirable ones we really feel

regression

we retreat to behaving or thinking like a child in order to avoid adult issues, childlike behaviors, ex: temper tantrum

repression

suppressing painful memories and thoughts into the unconscious where we can forget them (CONSIDERED MOST BASIC MECHANISM)

sublimation

we channel sexual and aggressive energy into appropriate/prosocial activities in order to avoid participating in undersirable ones

undoing

we do good to make up for bad behavior

social-cognitive approach

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits, including their thinking, and their social context

behavioral approach

in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

recpirocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

biopsychosocial approach to personality

bio: genetically determined temperament, autonomic nervous system reactivity, brain activity
psych: learned responses, unconscious thought processes, expectations and interpretations
social-cultural: childhood experiences, influence of the situation, cultural expectation, social support

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

psychoanalytic - assumptions and view of personality

emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixations at various developmental stages, defense mechanisms fend off anxiety from id, superego, and ego, personality consists of pleasure seeking impulses - id, a reality oriented executive - ego, and an internalized set of ideals - superego, freud

psychodynamic - assumptions and view of personality

the unconscious and conscious minds interact, childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important, the dynamic interplay of unconscious and conscious motives and conflicts shape our personality, adler, horney, jung

humanistic - assumptions and view of personality

rather than examining the struggles of sick people, its better to focus on the ways people strive for self-realization, if our basic human needs are met, people will strive toward self-actualization, in a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept, rogers and maslow

trait theory - assumptions and view of personality

we have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions, scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits, allport, eysenck, mccrae, costa

social-cognitive theory - assumptions and view of personality

our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors, conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns

which personality theory uses projective tests

psychodynamic

which personality theory uses personality inventories

trait

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders, as if we presume a spotlight shines on us

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

how does concept of self differ between individualism and collectivism

in individualism self is independent and their identity is from individual traits, while collectivism is interdependent and their identity is from belonging

how does concept of life task differ from individualism and collectivism

individualism - discover and express one's uniqueness
collectivism - maintain connections, fit in, perform role

what matters in individualism vs collectivism

individualism - me, personal achievement and fulfillment; rights and liberties; self-esteem
collectivism - us, group goals and solidarity, social responsibilities and relationships; family duty

coping methods in individualism vs collectivism

individualism - change reality
collectivism - accommodate to reality

view of morality in individualism vs collectivism

individualism - defined by individuals - self-based
collectivism - defined by social networks - duty-based

relationships in individualism vs collectivism

individualism: many, often temporary or casual; confrontation acceptable
collectivism: few, close and enduring; harmony valued