[PCOG-LEC-MID-02-PT2] OVERVIEW OF LIPIDS: FIXED OILS

THIS FLASH CARDS IS ABOUT THE OVERVIEW OF LIPIDS: FIXED OILS (PART 2)

• Acid Value

• Saponification Value

• Ester Value

• Hydroxyl Value

• Iodine Number

What are the five (5) different USP Test on Fixed Oils?
Mnemonics: ASE-HI!

Acid Value

IDENTIFY THE USP TEST:

The number of milligram (mg) of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 gram (g) of substance.

Saponification Value

IDENTIFY THE USP TEST:

The number of milligram (mg) of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the free acids and saponify the ester contained in 1 gram (g) of substance.

Ester Value

IDENTIFY THE USP TEST:

The number of milligrams (mg) of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify the esters contained in 1 gram of the substance.

Ester Value + Acid Value

Saponification Values is equals to?

Mnemonics: S = E + A

Iodine Number

IDENTIFY THE USP TEST:

The number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams (g) of the substance.

Hydroxyl Value

IDENTIFY THE USP TEST:

The number of milligrams (mg) of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize acetic acid combined to hydroxyl groups, when 1 gram (g) of a sample is acetylated.

• Cold pressed oil

• Hot pressed oil

What are the two (2) Types of Extraction: Expression?

Cold Pressed Oil

IDENTIFY THE EXTRACTION: EXPRESSION

Carried out in a cold environment.

Virgin Oil

What is an example of cold pressed oil?

Hot Pressed Oil

IDENTIFY THE EXTRACTION: EXPRESSION

Most oils are extracted by this method.

False

Explanation: We use organic solvents for extraction (ex. hexane).

True or False: We can also use inorganic solvents for extraction.

Rendering

IDENTIFY THE EXTRACTION METHOD:

Animal fats are separated from other tissues by ___________ (with steam, with or without pressure (the fats will rise to the top).

Solvents

IDENTIFY THE EXTRACTION METHOD:

• Usually used for oils

• Extracted using hexane (nonpolar/organic solvents)

Oxygen

The classification of fixed oils is based on their ability to absorb ______ from the air.

• Nondrying

• Semi-drying

• Drying

What are the three (3) Classification of Fixed Oils?

<100 Iodine Value

What is the Iodine Value of Nondrying (Classification of Fixed Oils)?

• Olive Oil

• Almond Oil

What are the two (2) examples of nondrying lipid oils?

100-120 Iodine Value

What is the Iodine Value of Semi-drying (Classification of Fixed Oils)?

• Cottonseed Oil

• Sesame Oil

What are the two (2) examples of semi-drying fixed oils?

>120 Iodine Value

What is the Iodine Value of Drying (Classification of Fixed Oils)?

• Linseed Oil

• Cod Liver Oil

What are the two (2) examples of drying fixed oils?

Oxidation

When drying fixed oils are exposed to air, it will undergo?

Tough, hard film (important in paint industry)

When drying fixed oils undergoes oxidation, it will form a?

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (e.g., Linoleic & Linolenic Acid)

The drying quality of the drying fixed oils is because of the?

• Hydrogenated Oil

• Sulfated/Sulfonated Oil

What are the two (2) Preparations of Fixed Oils?

Hydrogenated Oil

IDENTIFY THE PREPARATION OF FIXED OILS:

By passing hydrogen, in the presence of nickel or palladium through oil heated to 150-200 degrees celsius.

150-200 degrees celsius

What is the temperature needed to heat oil in the preparation called hydrogenated oil?

Semisolid fat (extensively used in cooking and shortening)

When the oil is hydrogenated, it produces?

Sulfated/Sulfonated Oil

IDENTIFY THE PREPARATION OF FIXED OILS:

By reacting sulfuric acid with the oil keeping the temperature down by chilling.

• Emollient

• Vehicles for intramuscular (IM) injection

• Manufacture of soaps

• Manufacture of paints and varnishes, and as lubricants

• Nutrient in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) / Increase caloric value

• Cathartic

What are the six (6) general uses of fixed oils?

• Sesame Oil

• Corn Oil

• Cottonseed Oil

• Peanut Oil

What are the four (4) oils used for intramuscular (IM) injection?

Mnemonics: SECOCOPE

Hyperalimentation

What is the other name for Total Parenteral Nutrition?

Total Parenteral Nutrition

This is for patients that cannot take in nutrients via mouth.

Seeds

Fixed Oils are usually found in?

Pericarp

Except olive oil, it is found in?