Patho Final Exam

What physiological reaction does the body have during fight or flight mode?

All vitals will increase
Pupils will dilate

What is the state of equilibrium or balance within the body called?

Homeostasis

The function of ribosomes is what?

Protein synthesis (make proteins)

What hormone in the body will increase blood sugar?

Glucagon

The hormone responsible for decreasing blood sugar?

Insulin

What chemical does the endocrine system rely on to function?

Hormones

What type of cell division only happens in sperm or ova?

Meiosis

What can be a cause of Edema?

Decrease in the plasma protein

Intracellular electrolytes?

Potassium and Magnesium

Normal Range of Potassium?

3.5-5 mEq/L

Normal Range of Sodium?

135-145 mEq/L

Normal Range of Calcium?

???

8.5 to 10.5 mg/dl (4 to 5 mEq/L)

Normal Range of pH?

7.35-7.45

Normal Range of Bicarbonate (HCO3)?

22-26

Normal Range of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)?

35-45

Hyponatremia can cause what and be fatal?

Brain swelling

Manifestations of hypovolemia?

Thirst
Altered level of consciousness

Hypervolemia manifestations?

Bounding Pulses
Crackles in the lungs
Insufficient circulating blood volume

What organ stores electrolytes?

Bones (Calcium)

What is the difference between a sign and symptom? Ex. Edema is a what

Sign

What is an example of insensible water loss?

Sweating
Breathing

Which type of solution will lead to fluid shift from extracellular to intracellular?

Hypotonic

What is the movement of fluids between the interstitial and intracellular compartments?

Osmosis

The movement of electrolytes over the plasma membrane?

Diffusion

What deficiency can cause hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality?

Water/ Fluids

What is the role of our lungs in maintaining the acid base balance?

Expel carbon dioxide

What can cause metabolic acidosis?

diarrhea

What type of solution is normal saline?

isotonic

What type of solution will lead to fluid shifting from intracellular to intravascular?

Hypertonic

Fluid volume deficit manifestations?

Thirst
Dry mucous membranes

What is sepsis?

An example of severe inflammation
Infection of the entire body

What is the best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents?

Hand washing

What type of chemicals are released that cause swelling?

Histamine

Why does an area of inflammation become hot and red?

Increased blood flow to the area because of histamine

Is a fever an alteration in the normal homeostasis of the body?

Yes

During seasonal allergies what is the role of histamine?

Causes vasodilation

In the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S) during the alarm stage what stress hormones are released?

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) and Cortisol

During an anaphylaxis attack what is happening?

Bronchiole constriction
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability

Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of disease?

Autoimmune

Give an example of passive immunity

Breastmilk (passed from mom to baby)

Which type of white blood cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity and the production of immunoglobulins?

Lymphocytes

What is leukocytosis?

Increased white blood cells

What type of immunity is a vaccination?

Artificial
Acquired
Active

What type of immunity is ready made antibodies injection?

Artificial
Passive

What is an example of Type 4 Immunity?

Contact dermatitis

Metastasis means what? Ex. Cancer that has metastasized

Cancer has started to invade surrounding cells

What is the main goal of systemic chemotherapy?

Kill all fast-replicating cells

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Benign tumors are encapsulated while malignant are not
Benign tumors grow at a slow rate

What symptoms can a cancer patient present with?

Fatigue
Tiredness
Weight LOSS

What are the steps of Carcinogenesis?

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

What does anaplasia mean?

Lack of differentiation

What is tumor grading used for?

Determine the level of Differentiation

How do you interpret the TNM scale? What does each letter mean?

T\= Tumor size
N\= Have any lymph Nodes been invaded?
M\= Has the cancer Metastasized?

What can cause contact dermatitis?

Any direct contact with the skin with allergies

What is the fungal infection of the scalp called?

Tinea Capitis

Is there any definitive test for Lupus? Does it only affect the Gi?

No
No

What are the manifestations of scabies?

Small streaks on the skin where mites burrow
Intense Itching

Can scabies survive outside of the host?

No

What infection causes cold sores?

Herpes Simplex 1

What is the most common type of bacteria causing skin infections?

Staphylococcus

What degree burn is affecting the epidermis and some of the dermis?

Second degree also called partial thickness burn

What do you see on the skin with a third-degree burn?

Blackening of the tissue

What does pruritus mean?

itching

What does Erythema mean?

Redness of the skin

What can cause Erythema?

Release of histamine increasing blood flow

What is Pediculosis?

Hair Lice

What type of cancer is squamous cell carcinoma?

Skin cancer

What type of education are you providing your patient with skin cancer?

Wear sunscreen and reapply it
Wear hats

What are the characteristics of elderly skin?

Thin skin
Less subcutaneous fat
Less elasticity

What can cause Gout?

Increase of Uric Acid

What is osteoporosis?

Decrease in the bone density due to bone loss

What is a joint that has temporarily moved out of place?

Dislocation

What is the bone disease in adults caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

What is the bone disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets

What is a tear in the ligament called?

Sprain

What is a strain?

A tear in the tendons

What is the term for increased number of cells in an organ or tissue?

Hyperplasia

What is kyphosis?

Hunchback of the upper back

What is Lordosis?

Inward curvature of the lower back

What is scoliosis?

Lateral curvature of the spine

What can be a complication of compartment syndrome?

Pain and tissue damage due to pressure

What is osteoarthritis?

Unilateral pain with no previous infection

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Bilateral pain
AUTOIMMUNE

What type of fracture will have multiple fragments?

Comminuted fracture

Fibromyalgia's main complaint? Beginning signs?

PAIN
Fatigue

What happens in Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Spine stiffens and vertebrae fuse together

What happens with Paget's Disease?

Bones become enlarged and thick but are weakened and deteriorate

What is the term for death of bone tissue due to the loss of blood flow?

Osteonecrosis

What is Intussusception?

A portion of the bowel telescopes into another one

What does H. Pylori cause?

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Who is at risk for developing carcinoma of the liver?

Patients with Cirrhosis

Who is at risk for developing an intestinal obstruction?

Always the patient who has had surgery and is bed ridden

What happens with pancreatitis?

Stones in the pancreatic duct

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

Blood
Sexually transmitted

Which type of hepatitis is transmitted via fecal oral route?

Hepatitis A

What is the most common cause of Cirrhosis?

Chronic alcoholism
Hepatitis C

What can cause Jaundice? Due to what?

Liver disease
Due to increased bilirubin

What is Gastroenteritis?

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

What are gallstones called?

Cholelithiasis

What are the five F's or risk factors for developing gallstones?

Female
Fair
Fertile
Forty
Fat