APUSH AMSCO Unit 7.4

compare the goals and effects of the Progressive reform movement

older stock

Americans from families of older elites who felt that their central role in society had been replaced by wealthy industrialists and urban political machines

John Dewey

along with William James; leading American pragmatic

pragmatism

truth should be able to pass the public test of observable results in an open, democratic society; should experiment with ideas and laws by testing them in action

Frederick W. Taylor

used a stopwatch to time tasks by factory workers to organize people in the most efficient manner (scientific management)

muckrakers

writers who focused on negative things; named by Theodore Roosevelt

Lincoln Steffens

released Tweed Days in St. Louis (1902)

Ida Tarbell

released The History of the Standard Oil Company (1902) in McClure’s Magazine as a running series

Jacob Riis

one of the first journalists; wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) on tenement life —> more influential than journalism

secret ballot

ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark choices secretly in a booth

Robert La Follette

created the direct primary

direct primary

the system of bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process in the hands of voters

direct election of senators/17th Amendment

required all senators to be elected by popular vote

initiative/referendum/recall

voters compel legislature to consider a bill/allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws/voters can remove corrupt politicians with a majority vote

municipal reform

many cities operated/owned their own gas lines, electricity, and urban transportation systems

commission plan

voters elected heads of city departments

manager-council plan

the city council hired expert managers to direct the work of city departements

“Wisconsin Idea”/regulatory commissions

a series of direct primary, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions (monitor railroads, utilities, and businesses like insurance)

Charles Evans Hughes

battled fraudulent insurance companies

Hiram Johnson

fought the economic/political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad

temperance and prohibition

“drys” believed that they could clean up politics by abolishing liquor; Carrie Nation was famous for her blunt language and hatchet attacks

National Child Labor Committee

proposed model state child labor laws with compulsory school attendance as the most effect solution

Lochner v. New York

ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday

Muller v. Oregon

ruled that the health of women needed special protections from long hours

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a high-rise New York City garment factory caught fire; 146 people died; spurred women’s activism and laws to improve safety/working conditions

“Square Deal”

mediated labor disputes with compromises (coal miners got a 10% wage increase and a 9-hour workday after Roosevelt threatened to nationalize the coal industry)

trust-busting

TR broke up “bad trusts” (harmed the public and stifled competitions) and kept “good trusts” (dominated a market through efficiency and low prices) using the Sherman Act

Elkins Act (1903)

gave the ICC greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

Hepburn Act (1906)

the ICC could fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s muckraking book described the horrific details of the meatpacking industry

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

federal inspectors visited meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states

Gifford Pinchot

after a White House Conference of Governors that promoted coordinated conservation planning he established a National Conservation Commission as the first director of the US Forest Service

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and to oversee telephone and telegraph companies

16th Amendment

ratified in 1913; authorized the government to collect an income tax; applied to the wealthy

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1909; raised the tariff on most imports despite Taft’s promise to lower tariffs

election of 1912

Republicans were split between Roosevelt and Taft so Wilson (Democrat) won with 42% of the popular vote but 82% of the electoral college

Eugene V. Debs

founded the Socialist party; wanted public ownership of railroads, utilities, and major industries like oil and steel

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Republicans; nominated Roosevelt

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt’s plan; more government regulation of business and unions, more social welfare programs, and women’s suffrage

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s plan; limiting both big business and big government, ending corruptions, and reviving competition by supporting small business

Underwood Tariff

substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in 50 years and introduced a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

created a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the president designed to provide stability and flexibility to the US financial system by regulating interest rates and the capital reserves required of banks

Clayton Antitrust Act

strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act’s power to break up monopolies while exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Child Labor Act

prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years of age; found unconstitutional

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; wanted to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children

National Urban League

helped people migrating from the South to adjust to north cities; focused on self-reliance and economic advancement

NAWSA

National American Women Suffrage Association; Carrie Chapman Catt was the new head; wanted a broadening of democracy that would empower women and allow them to more actively care for their families

Alice Paul

formed the National Woman’s Party

National Woman’s Party

wanted to win support from Congress/the president for an amendment to the constitution

19th Amendement

guaranteed women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels

League of Women Voters

Catt organized this civic organization to keep voters informed about candidates and issues

Margaret Sanger

advocated for birth control education, especially among the poor, leading to Planned Parenthood