romanesque

Romanesque means,

the Roman style" or "descended from Roman

Romanesque architecture

-It is a direct modification of Roman architecture, and it owed something to Byzantine art It was a stye greatly inspired by Christianity

-With the decline of the Roman Empire, this was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe.

Geographical

- Romanesque

originated in W. Europe

(Italy,Germany, France, Spain)

Climatic

North (dull)

• large windows to admit light

• high-pitched roofs to ward off snow

South (sunny)

• small openings to exclude dazzllng sunshine

Social

• Establishment of feudal systems In which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them In return.

• Castles were built.

Religious

• Christlanity was the chief source of education and culture

• Religious enthusiasm found their material expression in the magnificent cathedral churches and monastic bulldings

• Architecture was regarded as sacred sclence

PLAN

is the basic basilica.

• crypt

• beneath the altar housed the relics of a saint.

• Small churches

are generally without aisles.

• Large churches

are flanked by aisles and divided by an arcade.

• Abbey churches and cathedrals

often had transepts.

• Narthex

• is the church's lobby.

• Aisles

• are passageways on either side of nave.

• Nave

is the central part to accommodate the congregation.

• Transept

• is an area set crosswise to the nave forming a Latin Cross plan.

• Apse

is the semi-circular, vaulted part
oriented on the east towards Jerusalem.

• Ambulatory

• is semi-circular passageway behind the apse.

• Absidials

• Are radiating side chapels for relics of saints.

(triforium)

above the aisle is the gallery

sexpartite vault

is a four-sectioned vault with an additional arch rib dividing it into six unequal parts.

quadripartite vault

is divided into four sections of equal bays.

barrel vault

Squinches

achieve the same goal by bridging the corners of the square to form an octagonal base, in the case of an octagonal tower.

squinch

is used to bridge the corners of a square to form a base for an octagonal tower.

corbel table.

Corbels are in the form of projecting blocks of stones. A row of corbels is called a

lombard band

is a decorative blind arcade.

Fortified towns

protected by walls called fortifications

Monastery

establishment for monks or nuns

is a group of buildings designed as a self-sufficient community for the monks.

Monastic Village

The crusades

were a series of Holy wars launched by the Christian society of knights of Europe against Muslim aggression

Knights Templar,

• founded to protect the Holy Places in Palestin

• to safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem

• oldest of the Western Christian military orders most skilled fighting units of the Crusades

Knights Hospitaller

founded during the late 11th cent. under Augustinian rule to protect and care forsick or injured pigtins to the Holy Land.

CASTLE

fortified structure of European innovation during the Middle Ages

Functions of a castle:

• military

• administrative

• domestic

Motte and Bailey Castle

first type of a European castle

a motte is a mound of earth and a bailey is a courtyard surrounded by a wooden fence and a ditch

Rectangular Keep Castle

• surrounded by thick walls and moat, this castle offered a better form of defence.

• main feature is the stone keep with entrance on the second level to make it difficult for the invaders to enter.

Types of Mediaeval Castles

- Shell Keep Castle

a circular shell of stone wall with various buildings inside it and surrounded by a moat.

Types of mediaeval Castles

4. Concentric Castle

• this combination of the shell keep and the rectangular keep offered the best protection

• surrounded by a moat, it has double concentric walls in different levels and with features allowing archers to launch arrows

1. Keep or donjon

1. is the fortified tower or stronghold of a castle

1. Curtain walls

are the enclosing defensive walls of a castle.

Rampart

is a defensive earthen bank surrounding a castle.

1. Talus/Glacis

1. is a bold sloping thickness at the foot of walls as protection from undermining.

1. Towers

1. allow lookouts to see invaders easily.

1. The barbican

1. is a fortified gatehouse tower that contains a series of defences to make a direct assault more difficult.

1. Murder holes

1. were placed to protect the castle entrances

Machicolations .

are projecting parapets allowing floor openings (murder holes), through which molten lead, boiling oil or stones are dropped down below

Crenellations (battlements)

are regular gaps in the parapet.

Merlons

are the upstanding parts of an embattled parapet between two crenels.

Arrow loops

are narrow openings set inside walls and towers enabling defenders to launch arrows.

1. Bailey or ward

1. is the enclosed courtyard area where the domestic buildings of the castle were.

A spiral staircase

going up clockwise gives added room for the defenders. Steps are uneven making it difficult for attackers.

Garderobe

is the castle's toilet."

3 TYPES OF CASTLES IN THE HOLY LAND

1. Pilgrim Forts

sited to secure the routes from coastal ports to Jerusalem

Coastal Fortifications

secure the sea links

due to the advent of powerful cannons and permanent artillery fortifications

Towards the end of the Middle Ages, castles tended to lose their military significance .

Castles became more important as residences and statements of power.

are narrow openings set inside walls and towers enabling defenders to launch arrows.

arrow loops