Chapter 4 Structures

Each bone is a body organ with…

blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

bones function

protects organs and stores minerals

Bone marrow produces…

blood cells

Joints give…

flexibility

compact (cortical) bone

hard exterior

Compact (cortical) bone is found…

in the epiphysis and diaphysis

Cancellous (spongy) bone is found…

inside the bone in some parts of ALL bones

cancellous (spongy) bone characteristics

has spaces containing red bone marrow

long bones

longer than wide; majority of bones

The majority of bones are…

long bones

long bones example(s)

femur, humerus

parts of long bones

diaphysis and epiphysis

diaphysis

central shaft; contains medullary cavity

epiphysis

wide portion at either end of the bone

short bones

roughly as long as wide

short bone example(s)

carpals, tarsals

The epiphysis is covered by…

articular cartilage and periosteum

flat bones

plate-shaped

flat bone example(s)

sternum, scapula, and pelvis

irregular bones

shaped very irregularly

short bone example(s)

vertebrae

head

large, smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone

condyle

smooth rounded portion at end of bone

epicondyle

projection above or on a condyle

fissure

a slit-like opening

foramen

smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels

fossa

shallow cavity or depression within a bone

sinus

hollow cavity within bone

trochanter

large rough process

tubercle

small rough process

tuberosity

large rough process

processes (bone)

bony projections and depressions

rough, smooth processes function

allow for joint articulation

rough processes provide…

muscle attachment points

Specific terms describe ____ and _____ of processes

shapes and locations

axial skeleton

contains bones of the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk

head (skull)

protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity

cranium

provides attachment for chewing and head muscles

ethmoid bone

forms eye orbit, nose, and part of skull floor

sphenoid bone

forms part of skull floor

occipital bone

forms back of skull and part of skull base

cranium bones

\- ethmoid

\- sphenoid

\- occipital

facial bones

\- mandible

\- maxilla

\- zygomatic bones (2)

\- vomer

\- palatine

\- nasal bones (2)

\- lacrimal bones (2)

mandible

moveable lower jaw

maxilla

fixed upper jaw

zygomatic bones (2)

cheeks

vomer

part of the nasal septum

palatine

roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity

nasal bones (2)

forms nasal septum and bridge of nose

lacrimal bone(s)

inner corners of eye

hyoid location

single U-shaped; found in the neck between mandible and larynx

hyoid provides…

a point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles

trunk location

inferior to the hyoid

trunk components

\- vertebral column

\- sternum

\- rib cage

vertebral column

(you know this, cervical, thoracic, etc.)

ribs

12 pairs that attach to the vertebral column

true ribs

first 10 pairs that attach to the sternum

floating ribs

inferior pairs that don’t attach

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities

pectoral girdle function

attaches upper extremities to axial skeleton

pectoral girdle components

\- clavicle

\- scapula

pectoral girdle articulates with…

sternum and vertebral column

upper extremity components

\- humerus

\- ulna

\- radius

\- carpals

\- metacarpals

\- phalanges

pelvic girdle components

\- os coxae

\- innominate bone

\- hip bone

pelvic girdle attaches…

lower extremity to axial skeleton

pelvic girdle articulates with…

the sacrum posteriorly

lower extremity components

\- femur

\- patella

\- tibia

\- fibula

\- tarsals

\- metatarsals

\- phalanges

tarsals

ankle bones

metatarsals

foot bones

phalanges

toe bones

joints

formed where two bones meet; articulation

types of joints

\- synovial

\- cartilaginous

\- fibrous

synovial joint

freely moving

The most common joint is…

synovial

synovial joint example(s)

ball-and-socket

synovial joint components

\- capsule lined with lubricant-secreting synovial membrane

\- bursa (some)

cartilaginous joint

allows for slight movement

cartilaginous joint function

hold bones firmly in place with a solid piece of cartilage

cartilaginous joint example(s)

pubic symphysis (allows pelvis to widen during childbirth)

fibrous joint

allows almost no movement

fibrous joint example(s)

sutures of the skull

Bones are held together by…

ligaments

ligament

strong band of connective tissue

muscular system

works with the skeletal system to move the body

Individual cells in the muscular system…

contract (shorten in length) and produces movement

muscles

bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers

muscles function

\- contract to produce movement

\- may bring bones together

\- push food through digestive system

\- pump blood

Muscles may be…

voluntary or involuntary

types of muscle

\- skeletal

\- cardiac

\- smooth

Skeletal muscles: Voluntary or Involuntary?

voluntary

Skeletal muscles are stimulated by…

motor neurons at the myoneural junction

Tendon is anchored to bone by the…

periosteum

Skeletal muscle is wrapped in…

fascia that tapers to form a tendon

skeletal muscle location

bones

Smooth muscle: Voluntary or Involuntary?

involuntary

smooth muscle location

internal organs

smooth muscle structures

\- hollow organs (ex. stomach)

\- tube-shaped organs (ex. airways)

\- blood vessels

Smooth muscle lacks…

striations

Cardiac muscle: Voluntary or Involuntary?

involuntary

cardiac muscle function

pumps blood through chambers and out of body