HOSA Pathophysiology Practice Questions

Which layer of the eyeball is inflamed in uveitis?

vascular tunic

A neoplasm of mesenchymal origin

sarcoma

Presence of microbial toxins in the blood overwhelms the immune system and produces a whole-body inflammatory state.

sepsis

A host and a microbe exist with no harm to either

commensialism

What is the end product?

pluripotent stem cell > myeloid stem cell > erythroblast > reticulocyte > ???

erythrocyte

Oblong lens, irregular shape of the lens and/or cornea

astigmatism

Characterized by the sudden onset of petechiae and purpura in young children

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Where does erythropoiesis occur after age 20?

ribs, sternum, and pelvis

Presence of M cells in serum without findings of multiple myeloma

monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Based on anaplasia and uses Roman numerals I-IV

grading

Autosomal deficiency or defect in vWf

Von Willebrand disease

A factor IX deficiency is involved in this

hemophilia B

Purple areas of bruising

purpura

A decrease in the absolute number of cells

hypoplasia (but can be generalized as atrophy)

Cellular engulfment, killing and degradation of microorganisms and particulate matter

phagocytosis

These are not leukocytes

reticulocytes

Exudate that contains pus and mucus

mucopurulent

An abnormal passageway between two endothelium-lined organs or between two blood vessels that don't normally connect

fistula

What is the end product?

pluripotent stem cell > myeloid stem cell > granulocyte > ???

eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

Elements:

painless lymphadenopathy

night sweats

Reed Sternburg cells

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Low frequency hearing loss originated from the middle or external ear

conductive hearing loss

Involves debris collecting between the retina and the choroid

dry macular degeneration

Microvascular disease characterized by

- widespread platelet thrombi

- thrombocytopenia

- fragmentation of erythrocytes causing hemolytic anemia and jaundice

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Established by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, this is based on size and spread, involvement of lymph nodes, and the extent of metastasis

staging and TNM system

Labile cells exist here

GI tract and blood

Monocytes in connective tissue

histiocytes

This disorder can manifest as a primary condition with signs of hypercoagulability or as a secondary contion associated with systemic lupus erythematosus

antiphospholipid syndrome

Presenting symptoms of bone pain, weight loss and weakness

multiple myeloma

An X-linked recessive disorder that affects the factor VIII gene

hemophilia A

Splenomegaly during the accelerated phase causes abdominal fullness and discomfort

chronic myelogenous leukemia

An autoimmune disorder that results in platelet antibody formation and excess platelet destruction

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Activation of disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder may be initiated the following ways through the extrinsic pathway

obstetric complications, bacterial sepsis, and trauma

Next step?

pluripotent stem cell > lymphoid stem cell > ???

T cell progenitor and B cell progenitor

Activation of disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder through the intrinsic pathway can occur these ways

temperature extremes, burns, and endothelia damage by viruses and bacteria

Ciliary muscle relaxes. Tension on the suspensory ligaments increases, tightening the lens and making it more concave. This is a sympathetic reaction

far vision accommodation

Abnormal growth of tissue from a mucous membrane

polyp

A type of septicemia that leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature

pyemia

Evolution to acute leukemia from the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia

terminal blast crisis

Type of gangrene caused by clostridium bacteria

gas gangrene

Malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from hematopoeitic stem cells

leukemias

Common sites for metastatic calcification

lung and blood vessels

Underlying anatomical difficulty, and could be a thicker lens or a longer eyeball

myopia

There is an increased prevalence of cataracts in:

myopic people, people who take non-anabolic steroids, and diabetics

Antibodies broduced by B cells harboring the Epstein-Barr virus - they react with antigens from other species

heterophil antibodies

The most common cause of impaired platelet function

aspirin and NSAID use

These factors start the clotting process in response to injury

XII, high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikren

Pus collects in a naturally existing anatomic cavity, such as the pleura

epyema

Outcome of primary disease

sequela

Neoplasm of gland tissue or gland pattern

adenocarcinoma

Sudden unilateral blindness

anopsia

Occlusions of branch arteries of the retina can cause

amaurosis fugax

An abnormality in the partial thromboplastin time could possibly be explained by the following

antiphospholipid antibodies

Vitamin K is required in the synthesis of the following

factor II

Calcium is required in the coagulation cascade in every step except

XII > XIIa and XI > XIa

Where are the fixed macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system?

Kupffer's cells (liver), spleen, and alveolar macrophages (lungs)

Which is not a cardinal sign of infection?

amaurosis fugax

Clinical manifestations:

vessel narrowing

A-V nicking

edema

microaneurysms

exudates

cotton-wool spots

vascular retinopathy

Involves the passage of whiter blood cells through the walls of small blood vessels

emigration

Disease due to absent or defective synthesis of alpha/beta chains of adult hemoglobin

thalassemia

Characterized by large erythrocytes on peripheral smear; caused by malnutrition, malabsorption and/or folic acid antagonists

megaloblastic anemia

A myeloproliferative disorder in men 40-60; the volume of erythrocytes exceeds normal levels, leading to increased blood viscosity. Symptoms include complexion changes and bloodshot eyes

polycythemia vera

Most common inherited enzyme defect that affects males and homozygous females; makes erythrocytes susceptible to oxidants, denaturing of HgB and Heniz body formation. People with this deficiency cannot take aspirin

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Anemia of thalassemia occurs for two of these reasons

reduced Hgb synthesis and imbalance in globin chain production (unaffected chains accumulate in RBC and Heinz bodies impair DNA synthesis)