All Regents Chemistry Vocabulary

EQUILIBRIUM

constant concentration and equal rates of reaction (forward and reverse)

SUBLIMATION

a phase change from solid to gas

TEMPERATURE

the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

orbital

a region where an electron is MOST PROBABLY located

COMPOUND

a substance composed of 2 or more elements CHEMICALLY combined in a FIXED proportion

Coefficients in an equation

The number of MOLES of a substance.

ENDOTHERMIC reactions

energy is ABSORBED; bonds are BREAKING

EXOTHERMIC reactions

energy is RELEASED; bonds are FORMING

HEAT OF REACTION

heat of products MINUS heat of reactants

POLARITY of water

Water is polar. (substances dissolve in water because they are both POLAR) Like dissolves like.

Ideal Gas Behavior

HIGH temperature and LOW pressure

Bronsted-Lowry Acids

H+ donors (proton donors) (BAAD)

Bronsted-Lowry BASES

H+ acceptors (proton acceptors) (BAAD)

Heat flow (movement)

from HOT to COLD

EMPIRICAL formula

reduced (simplified) formula

How is a bright line spectrum (light) produced?

E- from the excited state return to the ground state and release energy in the form of light

Arrhenius Acid

contain the H+ ion (hydronium/hydrogen ion)

Arrhenius Base

contain the OH- ion (hydroxide ion)

Entropy

The degree of chaos.

Thermal Energy

a form of heat energy

Bright Line Spectrum

when e- go from EXCITED state to GROUND state energy is released in the form of LIGHT

Isomer

a hydrocarbon with the same MOLECULAR formula but DIFFERENT structure (and different chemical properties)

Subatomic Particles

the protons, neutrons and electrons found in an atom

Isotope

Same element (same protons) but different mass (different neutrons)

Ion

Same element (same protons) but different number of electrons (can be a positive ion or negative ion)

Proton

Positive subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus

Neutron

Neutral subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus

Electron

Negative subatomic particle, 0 mass, found outside the nucleus

Allotrope

Same element with DIFFERENT structures, and DIFFERENT properties

Organic Compound

A compound containing the element CARBON

Oxidation

the loss of electrons causing the oxidation number to increase. (LEO GER)

Reduction

the gaining of electrons causing the oxidation number to decrease (LEO GER)

Fission

the splitting of a large nucleus (like Uranium) that makes lighter nuclei; radioactive particles are released; mass is converted to energy

Fusion

the joining of light nuclei (hydrogen/helium) to form a larger nuclei; no radioactive particles are released; mass is converted to ENERGY

Electrolytes

acids, bases, or salts that can conduct electricity as an aqueous solution

Collision Theory

This states that the more collisions that occur, the faster a reaction will occur (aka increase in reaction rate)

5 ways to speed up the reaction rate

1. Increase Temp

2. Increase Concentration

3. Increase Pressure (only for gases)

4. Use a Catalyst

5. Increase surface area (crush it)

Titration

the process of NEUTRALIZING an acid with a base to determine and unknown MOLARITY

Distillation

the process of separating two liquids based on their different boiling points

Ionic Bond

the transferring of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal

Covalent Bond

the sharing of electrons between nonmetals

Polar Covalent Bond

the uneven/unequal sharing of electrons resulting in an ASYMMETRICAL BOND (SNAP)

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

the equal/even sharing of electrons resulting in a SYMMETRICAL BOND (SNAP)

Metallic Bond

a bond between METALS only; "sea of mobile electrons"

Single Replacement reaction

a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound

Double Replacement Reaction

a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound

Synthesis Reactions

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

Decomposition Reactions

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

Saturated HYDROCARBON

an organic molecule in which there are ONLY Carbon single bonds

Unsaturated HYDROCARBON

an organic molecule in which there is at least one DOUBLE or TRIPLE Carbon bond