Exam 1

lab animal science policy

When were the 3Rs introduced

When were the 3Rs introduced

1959

who birthed the animal rights movement

Peter Singer, Princeton prof

What magazine was the catylist, what did it reveal, what did it cause

Sports Illustrated 1965 issue, revealed people were stealing pets to use in animal research, casued the creation of the AWA in 1966

three main types of oversight

nonprofit, govt, internal

AWA

who must be registered and who is excluded

APHIS, OLAW, IACUC

Must register

Research facilities with covered animals (), Zoos, Dealers, Exhibitors, Roadside exhibitions/zoos, Circuses/carnivals/animal acts, Educational exhibits, Petting zoos, Public walk-in aviaries

Excluded

Retail pet stores, Shelters, Face-to-face sales, breeders only

AWA

date of origin and why

First passed in 1966 because of the SI issue, preventing pets from being stolen

AWA
enforcment by what agency

OLAW, APHIS, IACUC

AWA

Animal definintion

Dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, NHPs, marine mammals, birds, others

Warm blooded animals live/dead

Does not fit: bird, mice of mus, rat of rattus BRED for use in research

AWA

how is compliance ensured

inspections, both annoucned and unannounced

AWA

major updates

Birds!!!!!!!

“Alive or dead” clause

Michael Vick, animal fighting of all sorts is illegal

The Guide

Who must follow

Vets and LAS researchers

OLAW, AALAC, IACUC

The Guide

compliance?

OLAW, AAALAC, IACUC

Guide

How does it vary from the AWA and PHS

housing and enviornment specifications

Guide

first publication/most current

1963/2011

Guide

purpose?

standard of care

PHS

must follow

OLAW

PHS

first published

1971

PHS

enforcment?

OLAW, PHS agencies

PHS

animal definition

any live animal with a vertebrae (once hatched)

GLPs

who must follow

if using animals for drug discovery processes that are part of the FDA application

GLPs

date of origin

1978

GLPs

enforcment by which agency

FDA, PHS

GLPs

purpose?

ensure the thical treatment and welfare of animals; give sound evidence of the reliability of nonclinical saftey data

AVMA

who must follow

no on really MUST do it, but anyone overseeing euthanasia should

AVMA

how does it vary from AWA, PHS

no compliance is ensured, just a guide

AVMA

purpose?

ensure proper techniques are being used so that animals are not suffering

AVMA

euthanazia definition

good death, free from pain and distress. prodecures must not be slow, painful, or stressful

AVMA

current edition and changes

2020

1. Updated methods, techniques, and agents of euthanasia

2. 30% upped to 70%

3. Species-specific sections

AVMA

how and why updates occur

new knowlage is gained

euthanasia

chemical agents

immersion, injection, inhalation

euthanasia

7 parameters

Level of activity,

change in food/water consumption,

change in body weight,

change in body temperature,

change in behavior/alertness,

evidence of infection,

presence of wounds/tumors

Euthanasia

% of tumor size, training equivilent

10%, Peanut M&M

euthanasia

2 inhilation methods

overdoes of anesthetic gas

CO2 displacment

euthanasia - physical methods

if you are using phsyical methods you need

scientific justification and IACUC approval

euthanasia

physical methods

guilotine, captive bolt, cervical dislocation

FOIA

APHIS, OLAW, FDA

Impact of local, state govt

1. They care about following regular mandates based on work being done

2. Might impose additional mandates

3. Sound ordinances, smell ordinances

AALAS

technician certification and registry, managment certification, training

AVMA

? why matter

provides euthanasia guidlines, accredation of vets/techs

ACLAM

accredation of vets specific to lab animal medicine

EHS

prevention of injuries/illness related to hazards, proper waste disposal, classification of waste, including training

OHS

preventing workpalce hasards leading to emplpyee injury, inlcuding training

APHIS

enforece which guidelines

AWA, AVMA

APHIS

animal definition

warm blooded naimals live/dead ECPECT bird, mice of mus, rat of rattus BRED for research

APHIS

inspections

annual unannoucned inspections

APHIS

guidlines used

AWA, Guide, AVMA

APHIS

voluntary?

voluntary

APHIS

what happens if not meeting standards

lose accreditation, lose grant money

OLAW

enforce which guidelines

AWA, Guide, AVMA, PHS

OLAW

animal definiton

live, vertebrate animals

OLAW

inspections

may inspect but relies on self reporting

OLAW

voluntary?

involuntary if you are in any of the enforced orgs

OLAW

don’t meet minumum standards

lose AAALAC accreditation

AAALAC

which guidelines

Guide, Ag Guide, ETS 123

AAALAC

2 must be considered in USA

AVMA, PHS

AAALAC

animal def

all research animals (not in egg form)

AAALAC

inspections

schedueled visit every 3 years

AAALAC

voluntary?

voluntary

AAALAC

don’t meet standards?

lose accreditation, lose grants

AAALAC

how does accreditation occur

schedueled visits and reviewing program description report

reason a whistleblower policy is required

needs to be a way to safley report breache sin protocol, unsafe practicies

reporting and investigation process for whistleblower reports

must be “method of reporting” signs posted

confidental procedure

all reports must be investigated

how does IACUC ensure good whistleblower programs

inspection, review protocols, evaluation of overall program operation

IACUC

required by who

AWA, PHS

IACUC

responsibilites and goals

oversees the program, precedures, and facilities

IACUC

makeup of the commuttee

1. Institutional Official

2. Chairperson

3. Vet with LAS experience

4. Non-Affliliated Member

5. Scientist with LAS experience

6. Non-Scientist Member

7. Public Member

IACUC committee difference

AWA

Minimum of three members, members can hold multiple roles

does not require the scientist with LAS experience, Non-Scientists member

IACUC committee difference

PHS

Minimum of 5 members, members can hold multiple roles

Requires all positions

IACUC

3 types of inspection

new location: prior to housing animals

semi-annual: at least every 6 mothns

unannoucned: if there are concerns

IACUC

3 areas of FOCUS for inspections

record keeping

experiation dates

human and animal saftey and health

IACUC

3 locations of inspection

animal facility

where work with animals is completed

where items related to work are stored

IACUC

post inspection process

Discuss findings after inspection

Suggestions should be fixed immediately

Other issues need to be fixed within given time period

Follow-up may occur to ensure compliance

IACUC protocol

what is it called at DVU

AUAF: animal use approval form

IACUC

primary concern

animal welfare

IACUC

what must be justified, applied, and addressed

use of live animals, species to be used, animals to be produced/used

IACUC

protocol description

1. All procedures with pre/post operative care outlines

2. All users

   1. Must have necessary training

   2. Must be on the protocol to do work

3. Any changes from

   1. Standard housing

   2. Standard vet care

4. Any use of 

   1. Hazardous items, analgesia, infection agents, etc.

5. If euthanasia will occur and method

APHIS vs OLAW

Animals covered

OLAW - any live, vertebreate animal

APHIS - warm blooded aniamls live/dead except bird, mice of mus, rat of rattus BRED for use in reasearch

APHIS vs OLAW

laws/regulations used

OLAW- the guide

APHIS - requires IACUC, AWA, AVMA

APHIS vs OLAW

IACUC makeup

both require it

APHIS vs OLAW

inspections

OLAW - may inspect

APHIS - annual annoucned inspections

APHIS vs OLAW

annual report makeup

OLAW - lenth of report linked with AAALAC status

APHIS - census report categorized by purpose within categories

APHIS vs OLAW

FOIA

both must comply

3Rs

who when where

1959, Russel and Burch, Principles of Humane Experimental technique

3Rs

acronym

replacement - making sure you are replacing lab equiptment when it is no longer useful, does not work, making a plan to replace before they fail

reduction - use the lowest species lvl as possible, try not to generate excessive waste

refinment - minimize distress and harm that animals may endure

3Rs

4 resources to help in application

1. 3Rs collaborative

   1. Compassion fatigue resources

   2. Rodent handling and health monitoring

   3. Grimace scale

2. NORECOPA’s PREPARE checklist

   1. Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence

   2. Study formulation, dialogue between scientists and facility, quality control

3. NC3Rs experimental design assistant

   1. Experiment, animal characteristics, independent variables, group/sample size, experimental unit, allocation, masking/blinding, intervention, measurement, analysis

4. Arrive Guidelines

   1. Study design, sample size, inclusion/exclusion criteria, randomization, blind/masking, outcome measures, statistical methods, experimental animals/procedures, results

3Rs

current changes

1. Increasing to 12Rs

2. Includes animal welfare, social value, and scientific integrity

3. Harm benefit analysis

Compassion fatigue

lab workers can become overwhelmed with the job since it is animal based and stressful

emotional situations constantly

Difference between welfare and rights

concerned with thw well-being and ethical treatment of animals

animals not being used for research or eaten

research buy-in cycle

1. The buy in cycle applies to anyone in a research facility. This is linked to compassion fatigue. 

2. If you mess up at any point in the cycle, it derails everything. 

3. Compliant animal care and use program 🡪 high quality care🡪 high quality research🡪increase institute prestige 🡪 prestige towards those involved🡪 personal job satisfaction🡪 compliant animal care and use program

who does research benefit

animals and humans

other types of research besides animals

1. Cell/tissue cultures

2. Computer models

3. Epidemiological studies

4. Human volunteers

what is basic research

Preliminary research that is the precursor for applying for clinical testing. The goal is to get the drug to market.

why is basic research necessary

Not safe to immediately move a drug to clinical testing. Needs to be tested on animals first.

Five Ways to Speak of Research Being Vocal: Use of Animals in Research Discussion

• Know your why

• Know your science

• Make it personal

• Be accepting

• Groups vs. individuals