anatomy 2 lab: exam + practicum 1

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

systemic circuit

carriers blood to and from the rest of the body

each circuit begins and ends where?

the heart

Daniel Hale Williams (1858-1931)

* first one to do a successful heart surgery
* founder of first black owned hospital
* African American

which chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

what is the name of the blood vessels that return oxygen rich blood to the heart?

pulmonary veins

in normal blood flow, what structure pumps blood into the right ventricle, and what structure receives blood from the right ventricle

right atrium, pulmonary trunk

blood flows from the ____ bicuspid valve to the ____?

left atrium, left ventricle

through which vessels does the blood return to the right atrium from each of the pathways

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

pericardium

double-layered membrane

fibrous pericardium

* outermost layer of pericardium
* anchors the heart to surrounding structures
* prevents the heart from overfilling

what is the fibrous pericardium made out of

denst, irregular, collagenous connective tissue

serous pericardium

* inner layer
* composed of 2 layers
* parietal
* visceral (epicardium)

parietal cavity

fluid within the pericardial cavity that helps the heart beat without friction

3 tissue layers from outermost to in

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium is made out of?

simple squamous epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue

myocardium is made out of?

cardiac muscle tissue and its fibrous skeleton

endocardium is made out of?

simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

the vena cavas drain what?

deoxygenated blood

the myocardium is drained by what?

a set of cardiac veins

myocardial infarction is a?

heart attack

what causes a myocardial infarction?

severe blockage that can result in hypoxic injury and death to the tissue

the small cardiac vein drains what?

the right inferolateral heart

the middle cardiac vein drains?

the posterior heart

the great cardiac vein drains?

most of the left side of the heart

all 3 cardiac veins drain into?

the large coronary sinus

fossa ovalis is?

a small dent in the interatrial septum that is the remnant of a hole called the foramen ovale that was present in fetal life

trabeculae carneae are?

ridge-like protrusions of cardiac muscle in the ventricles

pectinate muscles are in the atria or ventricles?

atria

the 2 semilunar valves are

aortic, pulmonary

the 2 atrioventricular valves are?

bicuspid and tricuspid

what are the 2 main arteries that feed the brain?

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

what is the best physiological reason to have both superficial and deep veins?

superficial veins allow for blood flow to be brought to the surface for cooling the body when hot

you are taking a drug that is absorbed in the small intestine and acts on the right atrium. what is the flow of its vascular journey?

superior mesenteric vein → hepatic portal vein → hepatic vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium

what heart chamber has the thickest myocardial wall and why?

the left ventricle because it needs to produce greater force to pump blood to the systemic circulation

heart rate

number of complete cardiac cycles each minute

heary rhythm

pattern and regularity of the heart’s beat

heart sounds

produced by turbulent blood flow from valve activity

auscultation

process of listening to heart sounds

heart murmur

irregular sounds from regurgitation or stenosis

S1 sound

the result of closing of the AV valves

S2 sound

the result of closing of the SL valves

cardiac conduction system in order

1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle
4. right and left bundle branches


1. purkinje terminal fibers

P wave

depolarization phase of atrial contractile cells

QRS complex

depolarization phase of ventricular contractile cells

T wave

repolarization phase of ventricular contractile cells

S-T segment

plateau phase of ventricular contractile cells

P-R interval

depolarization of the atrial contractile cell, AV node delay, depolarization of bundle of His and bundle branches

Q-T interval

depolarization, plateau, and repolarization phases of the ventricular contractile cells

T-Q interval

ventricular diastole

T-P interval

isoelectric interval, heart muscles are electrically silent

small boxes on ECG are __ seconds

0\.04

large boxes on an ECG are __ seconds

0\.20

ventricular tachycardia

\

atrial flutter

\

ventricular fibrilation

angina pectoris

an abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would change the shape of the ____ in an ECG tracing

QRS complex

the duration of a QRS complex is __ when compared to a cardiac contractile cell action potential

shorter

during exercise, what wave/segment interval is most reduced

T-P segment

if the conduction path is interrupted between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected

the rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes

aortic area is located where?

second intercostal space at the right of the sternum

pulmonic area is located where?

second intercostal space at the left sternal border

tricuspid area is located where?

fourth intercostal space at the left sternal border

mitral area is located where?

fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line

tachycardia

heart rate more than 100

bradycardia

heart rate lower than 60

regurgtation

a valve leaking

stenosis

a valve that has lost its pliaability

cardiac conduction system step 1

the SA node generates an action potential that spreads through the atria

cardiac conduction system step 2

there is a delay when the action potential reaches the AV node

cardiac conduction system step 3

the action potential reaches the ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle

cardiac conduction system step 4

the right and left branches conduct the action potential through the interventricular septum

cardiac conduction system step 5

the terminal branches conduct the action potential to ventricular myocytes

normal heart rate value

60-100 BPM

normal R-R interval value

0\.60-1.0 seconds

normal P-R interval value

0\.12-0.20 seconds

normal Q-T interval value

0\.42-0.44 seconds

normal QRS complex duration value

less than or equal to 0.12 seconds

depolarization gets more negative or positive?

negative

what happens during repolarization

it returns to original negative

wave

deflection

segment

time between deflections

interval

deflection and time between

how to calculate instantaneous HR

60 seconds / R-R interval = ___ bpm

how to calculate average HR example

ex: 6 seconds in an ECG strip and 15 beats

* 15 beats in 6 seconds
* 60 seconds = 1 minute
* 60/6 = 10
* so 10x15 = 150 BPM

capillary refill time is quick, standard evaluation used to screen for vascular pathologies: true/false

true

systolic pressure

pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction

diastolic pressure

pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

pulse pressure

used to identify the additional pressure in the arteries during systole

how to calculate pulse pressure

(SBP - DBP)

Korotkoff sounds

the sounds resulting from the turbulent blood flow in the compressed artery heart while measuring BP

what variables affect blood pressure

heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume, blood vessel diameter

during pregnancy do new arteries and veins develop in utero-placental unit cause an increase or decrease in BP

decrease

during pregnancy does an increase in plasma volume cause an increase or decrease in BP

increase

during pregnancy does a decrease in plasma viscosity cause an increase or decrease in BP

decrease

during pregnancy does a decrease in vascular resistance cause an increase or decrease in BP

decrease

during pregnancy does an increase in cardiac output cause an increase or decrease in BP

increase

expected net impact of pregnancy on BP for a typical pregnant individual

a decrease in BP

how to calculate MAP at rest

(SBP + 2(DBP)) / 3