Bio 2 Plant Organs/Tissues, Germination, Transport and Growth Patterns test

Roots

Structure used to anchor the plant to the ground and to absorb water and nutrients from the so

Primary roots

Are connected to and extend directly from the stem

Secondary Roots

OR LATERAL ROOTS, extend from the primary root

Root hairs

Individual cells on roots used to increase surface area for absorption

stem

Structure uses to move materials between the roots to the leaves and to provide support for leaves and flowers

Node

The point on the stem where the leaf is connected

Internode

The space on a stem between leaves

Vascular

Males up the tubes used to move materials and water throughout the plant (transportation

Ground

Provides support, allows for storage of materials, and is the main site for photosynthesis (production of food/sugars)

Germination

The process of a plant embryo beginning to grow using the food stored in the cotyledons of the seed

What are the 3 conditions of germination

Proper amount of water, proper amount of oxygen, proper temperature

Proper temperature

The temperature must be optimal for the enzymes in the embryo to work properly for the chemical reactions to occur for growth

Proper amount of oxygen

Oxygen is required for the embryo to conduct cellular respiration so that the stored food can be converted into energy for growth

What is not required in germination

Sunlight

What are the 2 kinds of mesophyll

Palisade (top one)

Spongy (bottom one)

what is the entire leaf called

the flamina

what is the outline of the leaf called

margin

what is the line down the center of the leaf called

the midrib

what is the tip of the leaf called

apex

what is the circle in the internal leaf structure anatomy called

xylem (top) and phloem(bottom)

Why is it so important that the hypocotyl bend as it moves upward through the soil?

The bending protects the fragile plumule (leaves) from being damaged by the soil as it moves up to the surface

Why is so important that seeds are planted at the correct depth if germination is to be successful?

A small seed planted too deep into the ground will not have enough stored food to break through the soil to reach the sunlight 

• A large seed planted too shallow will be seen and eaten by animals before it begins growing

transpiration

The evaporation of water from the surfaces of a plant that are exposed to air (the movement of water upward in plant is due to transportation)

is decrease in temperature an increase or decrease in the rate of transpiration

decrease

is increase in light intensity an increase or decrease in the rate of transpiration

increase

is increase in wind speed an increase or decrease in the rate of transpiration

increase

Why are open stomata both and good thing and a bad thing at the same time for plants?

It's good because it lets in more carbon dioxide goes in and out

• harmful because it also is letting out too much water

Sink Cell:

Any cells where sugars are used or stored; most commonly found in roots, seeds, fruit

Source Cell:

Any cell where sugars are produced; most commonly found in leaves

In which directions does PRIMARY growth occur?

It grows vertically (up and down).

What advantages does primary growth allow for plants?

• It allows stems to grow taller for leaves to obtain more light and for toots to grow deeper to access more water from the soil 

 In which direction does SECONDARY growth occur?

horizontal

What advantage does secondary growth allow for plants?

It allows roots, stems, and branches to grow wider which is better for support so plants (specifically trees) can grow to great heights. Being taller is an advantage since you can grow above other plants to obtain more light

What is DENDROCHRONOLOGY?

 the science of analyzing tree growth rings 

What types of information or data can scientists collect using dendrochronology?

Used to reconstruct past climate conditions, determine the data certain events happened, and even to determine the age of wooden artifacts.

Provide three possible explanations for the amount of growth that occurred during the year the ring labeled B was growing:

1. Less light 

2. Less water 

3. Colder temperatures