clinicals

eupnea

12-20 bpm

bradypnea

<12 bpm; decreased respiratory rate

causes of bradypnea

sleep, drugs, metabolic disorder, head injury, stroke

tachypnea

>20 bpm, increased respiration rate

causes of tachypnea?

fever, enxiety, exercise, shock

apnea

no breathing

causes of apnea?

deceased patient, head injury, stroke

hyperpnea

12-20 bpm; normal rate, deep repirations

causes of hyperpnea

emotional stress, diabetic ketaacidosis

RR should be counted for

a minute

causes of crackles (RALES)

bronchiectasis, bronchitis, pneumonia, firbosis, congestive heart failure (CGF)

causes of wheezes

asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other causes of airway obstruction, lung cancer, CHF

what is rhonchi?

secretions in airways, specificaly the bronchi

reasons for rhonchi

pneumoniaa, COPD, systic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis

stridor

medical emergency; epiglottis; obstruction

O2 saturation

% of hemoglobin binding sites that are occupied by O2

type 1 diabetes

body doesnt produce insulin

type 2 diabeted

body doesnt respond to insulin

fasting blood glucose

<120

random blood glucose

<200

postprandial blood glucose (2 HOURS AFTER EATING)

<160

critical low blood glucose

<50

critical high blood glucose

>450

non-critical low blood glucose

<70

non-critical high blood glucose

>300

symptoms of hypoglycemia

sleepiness, sweating, pallor, lack of coordination, irritability, hunger

symptoms of hyperglycemia

dry mouth, increased thirst, blurred vission, weakness, headache, frequent urination

treatment of hyperglycemia?

give Pt insulin

define right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

muscles of R side of heart are diseased/ineffective, fluid backs up into body. peripheral edema

symptoms of R sided heart failure?

fatigue, peripheral venous pressure, enlarged liver & spleen, secondary pulomary problems, distended jugular veins, weight gain, dependent edema

what is L sided heart failure?

L muscles of heart and ineffective, fluid backs up into lungs, causes pulmonary edema

symptoms of L sided heart failure?

paroxymal nocturnal dysapnea, restlessness, orthopnea, dypnea, fatigue, cyanosis, confusion, tachycardia, pulmonary congestion, cough, crackled, blood tinged speutum, tachypnea

normal blood pressure

<120
——-
<80

elevated blood pressure

120-129 (anything in 120s)

_____________________

<80

hypertension stage 2

systolic: 140<
OR
diastolic: 80-89 (eighties)

hypoertension stage 1

systolic: 130-139 (anything in 130s)

OR

diastolic: 90<

hypertensive crisis

systolic: 180<

AND/OR

diastolic: 120<

bradycardia

<60bpm

normal

60-100 bpm

tachycardia

>100bpm

Cauti

catheter assosiated UTI

SSI

surgical site infection

C. Diff

clostridium difficile infection

CLABSI

central line assosiated blood stream infections; involves tube inserted in neck/chest veins

MRSA

methicillin resistant staph (anibiotic-resistant); can cause blood infections, pneumonia, or SSI’s

What does the ISMP do

institute for safe medication practices

advocates for patient safety by empowering healthcare community, including consumers, to prevent medication errors

ex: medication errors, data on near-misses, afverse, and sentinel medication errors

what does HCAHPS do?

hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems

national survey reported of patients’ perspectives of hospital care. Doesn’t set operational standards, but it gives consumers the oppurtunity to compare hospitals

gases under pressure

explosive

corrosive

carcinogen

acute toxicity

oxidizer

flammable

what does the joint comissionfocus on?

sentinel events and patient safetu

how often to check patient with restraints?

15 mins

remoev restraints how often?

2 hours

sentinel event

severe temporary harm, disability, or death