cells review

robert hooke (1665)

discovered the first cells by looking at a slice of cork through a compound microscope**he saws the cell walls of the cork**

what does cells mean in latin?

little rooms

anton van leeuwenhoek (1673)

found protists, which he called animalcules, in pond scum; first to see bacteria; and animal blood

matthias schleiden (1838)

discovered that plants were made of cells

theodore schwann (1839)

discovered that animals were made of cells

rudolph virchow (1855)

discovered all living cells come from other living cells

first part of the cell theory

all living things are made of one or more cells

second part of the cell theory

the cell is the smallest unit of life

third part of the cell theory

all new cells come from pre-existing cells

how do macromolecules form

when small molecules join together

what is the main ingredient of any cell?

water

what makes water ideal for dissolving many other substances?

its structure, positive and negative ends

macromolecules

many small molecules formed together

how do macromolecules form

when many small molecules join together

what is the structure of water?

positive and negative ends

what are the four types of macromolecules in cells?

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

what are nucleic acids made up of?

nucleotides

what do nucleic acids contain?

genetic information

DNA

* instructions for cell growth
* cell reproduction
* cell processes

what is RNA used for

used to make proteins

what are proteins made of?

amino acids

what are proteins necessary for?

nearly everything cells do

what are the 4 things proteins do?

* help cells communicate
* transport substances
* chemical breakdown of substances
* structural support

**true or false**

hair & nails are made up of protein

true

lipids

large macromolecules that **DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER**

what do lipids *NOT* dissolve in?

water

what 4 things do lipids do?

* protective barriers in cells
* major part of cell membranes
* energy storage
* cell communication

what are some examples of lipids?

cholesterol, phospolipids, vitamin A

carbohydrates

**1 sugar molecule**, **2 sugar molecules**, or a **long chain of sugar molecules**

what 3 things do carbohydrates do?

- main energy source- provide structural support- communication between cells

cellulose

carbohydrate that provides structural support in plants

what is a cell made up of?

different structures that work together and keep the cell alive

what can the size or shape relate to in a cell?

its job or function

what are cell appendages used for?

movement

what is flagella?

long, whip-like tails that are waved back and forth

flagella waves in what way?

back and forth

cilia

short, hair-like structures that can also be used for bringing food into the cell or pushing molecules away

what can cilia be used for?

- bringing food into the cell- pushing molecules away

prokaryotic

cells where the genetic material (DNA) is **not contained* in a nucleus

what is bacteria & archea made up of

made up of one prokaryotic cell

eurkaryotic

cells that have a nucleus to hold the genetic material (DNA)

what is the difference between a prokaryotic and eurkaryotic cell?

a prokaryotic cell doesn't have a nucleus, but a eurkaryotic cell does

what are examples of eurkaryotic cells?

protists, fungi, plants, and animals

organelles

membrane-surrounded structures that perform specific functions within the cell

how much larger are eurkaryotic cells?

up to 10x larger

what does DNA stands for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

what does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

what is a cell made of?

organelles

what is cilia used for

- bringing food into the cell- pushing away molecules

what type of structure is cilia

a short hair like structure

what is a prokaryotic cell

cell where the genetic material is **NOT CONTAINED** in a nucleus

is the dna in a prokaryotic cell floating freely

yes

what is a eurkayotic cell

cells that have a nucleus to hold the genetic material

what 4 groups are made of one of more eurkaryotic cells?

- protists- fungi- plants- animals

what do unicellular prokaryotes do?

all the things necessary for survival within the one cell

unicellular prokaryotes have fewer \____?

cell structures

where do unicellular prokaryotes live?

* colonies or extreme environments

what do unicellular eukaryotes do?

all the things necessary for survival within the one cell

unicellular eukaryote have many \_____?

specialized organelles

what does the contractile vacuole do?

pumps out excess water

does the unicellular eukaryote have a contractile vacuole

yes

what does each type of cell in a multi celled organism have?

specific jobs

what is cell differentiation

the process where cells become different types of cells

how does a cell know what cell is it / where to go?i.e - brain cells

chromosomes

where do cells find instructions

chromosomes

what do different cells use?

different parts of instructions on chromosomes

what are animals?

stem cells

what is a stem cell?

specialized cell that can become many different types of cells

cells \___ and \____ in adults

repair and replace

plants are?

meristems

what are meristems

unspecialized cells that are in different areas of a plant

what is the first layer of cell organization

cells

what are 3 examples of cells

- nerve cells- red & white blood cells- skin cells

what is the second layer of cell organization

tissue

what is tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job

what are 3 examples of tissue

- muscle- connective- nervous

what is the third layer of cell organization

organs

what is a organ

a group of tissues working together to perform a specific job

what are 3 examples of an organ

- heart- skin- lungs

what is an organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a specific job

what are 3 examples are an organ system

- circulatory- heart- digestive

what is a group of organs?

an organ system

what is a group of organ systems?

an organism

what are the five layers of the cell organization

- cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms

do multicellular organisms living longer than unicellular organisms

yes

what is ATP energy?

adenosine triphosphate

cell wall

- rigid or inflexible boundary found in plant cells- made of cellulose- provides support and structure to the cell

where is the nucleolus found?

the nucleus

what type of energy does the mitochondria make?

ATP**adenosine triphosphate**

what do organelles perform?

specific jobs

smooth ER helps make what

lipids

the golgi body, \______, \_________, \________, and \___________.

sorts, packs, and shipsproteins

chloroplasts use what to make food for plant cell?

sun's energy

the nucleus controls what

all cell functions

celluslose provides what to the cell

support & structure

what do ribosomes make

proteins

what does the cell membrane surround

the outside of the cell

the lysosome is nicknamed?

garbage collecter

the nucleus is the "\_____" of the cell

brain // control center

what is the cell membrane made of

proteins, lipids, and phospholipids