Biol 2 Practicum 2 - Lab Packet

What supergroup does the Kingdom Plantae belong to and what characteristic are responsible for this positioning?

Archaeplastida b/c engulfed a cyanobacteria

What characteristics are specific to plants?

all multicellular eukaryotes that are autotrophs and acquire their nutrients by photosynthesis. They have plastids which contain chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, and carotenoids and the cells have walls consisting of Cellulose.

What adaptations allowed plants to move onto land?

waxy cuticle and gametangia

When did Kingdom Plantae show up in the fossil record?

500 mya during Precambrian

How is the liverwort thallus flattened?

dorsoventrally

Are liverworts gametophytes or sporophytes?

gametophyte

What is the function of the upper section of the liverwort thallus?

chlorophyll-bearing cells and is used for photosynthesis

What is the function of the lower section of the liverwort thallus?

Storage cells and rhizoids/scales for attachment and water absorption

What is the difference between a rhizoid and a scale?

- rhizoid = single cell

- scale = multicellular

What is the function of the air chambers surrounding chlorophyll-bearing cells?

gas exchange

What is the function of the rhizoids and scales?

attachment and water absorption

What does the antheridia produce?

sperm

What does the archegonia produce?

eggs

What is the function of the elaters? How do they work?

function: dispersal

work: changes w/ a change in humidity and flings the spores away from the parent plant

Is the sporophyte haploid or diploid?

diploid

The sporophyte generation of a liverwort is attached to a gametophyte. What sex is this gametophyte?

female

How are gemmae dispersed?

When it rains and water splashes the gemmae out of the cup

Is there a vein system present in the "leaves" of Bryophyta -mosses?

no

Are Bryophyta Mosses gametophytes or sporophytes?

gametophytes

The sporophyte generation of a moss is attached to a gametophyte. What sex is this gametophyte?

female

What structures of the sporophyte capsule of a moss is haploid or diploid?

Diploid: Operculum and Columella

Haploid: Spores

What is the name of the conducting tissues vascular plants developed? What do they conduct?

xylem (for moving water) and phloem (for moving food)

When did vascular plants show up in the evolutionary history?

385 mya during the Devonian

What vascular characteristics do Division Lycophyta (Club Mosses) demonstrate?

true stems, roots, and leaves

Which generation are Lycophyta apart of?

sporophyte

What is the term used for small leaves with one vein? Do they contain chlorophyll at maturity?

microphylls; lack chlorophyll at maturity

What is the term used for specialized leaves that produce sporangia?

sporophylls

What vascular characteristics do the division Psilophyta (Whisk Ferns) demonstrate?

no true roots or leaves. Only have true stems

What generation is Pterophyta (Whisk Ferns) apart of?

sporophytes

What vascular characteristic do Division Pterophyta (Horse Tails/Sphenophyta) demonstrate?

true roots, stems, and leaves

What generation is Pterophyta (Horse Tails) apart of?

sporphytes

What substance is found in the rough ribbed stem of Sphenophyta?

silica

What is the name of the small cones produced at the tips of specialized stems of Sphenophyta?

strobili

What vascular characteristic do Division Pterophyta (Ferns) demonstrate?

true roots, stems, and leaves

What generation is Pterophyta (Ferns) apart of?

sporophyte

What is the term used for larger leaves with more than one vein? What is the common name of a fern leaf?

megaphylls; fronds

What is the name of the rolled up leaf? What is the name of the type of coiling?

fiddleheads; circinate vernation

What is the name of the specialized leaves that are used for reproduction in Pterophyta (Ferns)?

sporophylls

What is the name of the heavy walled brownish cells in Fern Sporangium? What is their function?

annulus; when moisture in cell changes, the annulus catapults spores out into the environment through the lip cells

What is the name of the cells that are at the open ends of the annulus?

lip cells

What is the term used for the conditin in which Fern spores are all a single type but develop into a gametophyte with both sex ogans (archegonium and antheridium)?

monoecious

What do Fern spores give rise to after being wind disseminated and germinated?

prothallus

What is the function of rhizoids?

anchorage and absorption

What eventually grows out of the archegonia?

sporophyte

What happens to the gametophyte prothallus after the sporophyte begins to grow?

dies off

What characteristics are specific to seed plants?

seeds that allowed plants to move away from the mother plant with both nourishment and protection

When did the vascular seed plants show up in the fossil record?

360 mya during the Devonian

What is first seen in the trunk of Cycadophyta in evolutionary time?

- cluster of leaves

- first to show true secondary growth

Why are only male plants of Ginkophyta usually planted?

female plants have messy and foul smelling fruit

Where do Ginkophyta originally come from?

China; Mesozoic era

What drug do Ephedra produce?

ephedrine which raises the heart rate and raises blood pressure

What vascular structure do Gnetophyta have?

vessel elements

What kind of spore do the male cones produce?

4 haploid microspores

What kind of spore does the female cone produce?

4 megaspores

Where on the tree is the male cone located?

low on the tree

Where on the tree is the female cone located?

High in the tree

What type of cell division produces the pollen of a male cone?

meiosis

What function do the "wings" of a pollen grain serve?

dispersal

What actual cell produces the 2 sperm cells in a Pine Pollen Tube?

spermatogenous cell

What does the megaspore mother cell of a Female Cone produce?

4 megaspores

What is the function of the nucellus of a Female Cone?

provides nutrition

What do Female Cone megaspores develop into?

female gametophyte

Which structures of a Pine Ovule within a Mature Archegonium are haploid?

female gametophyte, archegonium, eggs

Which structures of a Pine Ovule within a Mature Archegonium are diploid?

nucellus and integument

What is the function of the cotyledons?

food source

What does the hypocotyl develop into?

shoot system

What does the radicle develop into?

root system

What is cross-pollination?

transfer of pollen from individual plant to another

What is the most common method to prevent flowers from pollinating themselves? How does it work?

self-incompatibility;

works similar to an animal's immune system where a biochemical block prevents the pollen from completing its development

What are the 3 nuclei that may be seen in a pollen tube?

tube nucleus and two sperm

What happens to the antipodals after fertilization?

dissapear

What happens to the polar nuclei after fertilization?

join w/ a sperm that produces the endosperm

What happens to the synergids after fertilization?

dissapear

Why is fertilization in flowering plants called double fertilization?

b/c a sperm joins an egg and another fuses with the polar nuclei in flowering plants

What are the different types of dispersal mechanisms? What are the most efficient transporters of fruits and seeds?

wind, animal, human; Human

What are the functions of a root?

anchor the plant in the soil, absorb minerals and water, conduct minerals and water and store food

What is the structure and function of the Root Cap?

Structure: Made up of dead parenchyma cells that last for less than a week

Function: Protect the apical meristem & perception of gravity

What is the structure and function of the Apical Meristem?

Structure: Embryonic plant tissue

Function: Cell division and production of new cells

What is the structure and function of the Region of Elongation?

Structure: Elongated and wider cells

Function: Pushes meristem and root cap through ground

What is the structure and function of the Region of Maturation?

Structure: Differentiated cells with root hairs

Function: Development of protoderm, procambium, and ground tissue

What are the three types of meristem origins?

protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

Location, meristem origin, and function of Epidermis?

Location: Single layer of cells around the outside of root

Meristem Origin: protoderm

Function: produce root hairs, protection, absorption

Location, meristem origin, and function of Stele?

Location: Central cylinder of tissue made up of primary xylem, phloem, pith, and pericycle

Meristem Origin: procambium

Function:

- Xylem: water movemennt

- Phloem: food movement

- Pericycle: lateral roots

Location, meristem origin, and function of Cortex?

Location: Parenchyma cells found between the stele and the epidermis with passage cells

Meristem Origin: ground meristem

Function:

- Cortex: storage

- Endodermis: regulation of movement

- Passage cells: lateral movement of water

What is the function of the root hairs? How do they accomplish this?

absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil by increasing the absorptive surface

What cells produce root hairs?

epidermal cells

What conditions should the soil have for optimum growth?

loosely packed

What two main tissues make up vascular bundles?

xylem and phloem

Which direction does xylem usually face?

pith

Which direction does phloem usually face?

cortex

How are vascular bundles arranged? How does it differ from the dicot root structure?

in a ring; usually only primary tissue

What is the function of the fibers of Herbaceous Dicot Stems?

add support

How does a herbaceous monocot stem differ from a herbaceous dicot stem?

tissue arrangement --> vascular bundles are scattered and not found in any set pattern

Do monocot stems have a pith?

no

What is secondary growth?

increases girth (width)

What two tissues produce secondary growth?

vascular cambium and cork cambium

What is the function of the pith?

storage

Function of Primary and Secondary Xylem?

moves water & minerals upward

Function of Vascular Cambium?

Produces secondary growth

Function of Primary and Secondary Phloem?

moves nutrients around the plant