KHS 340: MIDTERM REVIEW

CH 1-5; 20 multiple choice and T/F questions; 2 bonus questions (Dr. Kim)

What is motor behavior?

movement that ranges from involuntary twitches to goal-directed voluntary actions that start from head to toe

includes motor learning, motor control, and motor development

What is motor learning?

complex learning process in brain in response to practice or experience of a certain skill resulting in changes in CNS

direct result of practice; not due to maturation or physiological changes

cannot be observed

relatively permanent changes

What is motor control?

underlying processes of movement

key issues: degrees of freedom problem, serial order problem, perceptual-motor integration problem

What is motor development?

examines age-related successive changes occurring over the life span and the processes and factors that affect these changes

age-related

What are motor skills?

define body’s ability to manage process of moving

gross motor skills vs fine motor skills

basic fundamental motor skills — basic physical skills used in all sports

What are the 3 types of sport skills?

cognitive skills — intellectual skills; make decisions and solve problems

perceptual skills — interpreting and integrating sensory info; determine best movement outcome

motor skills — physical element skills; cannot complete without being learned

What are developmental taxnomies?

classifications of objects or events

nonlocomotor stability, locomotor skills, manipulative skills

What is nonlocomotor stability?

static; able to maintain body position against gravitation

What are locomotor skills?

gross motor skills; occulomotor skills

What are manipulative skills?

gross and fine motor skills; object-control skills

What are the single-dimensional classifications of skills?

nature of the skill (continuous, discrete, serial)

time-constraint taxonomy
(self-paced, externally-paced)

environmental predictability (open, closed)

movement precision (fine motor, gross motor)

What are open skills?

occur in a changing environment; must adapt to external factors

ex: football pass, soccer shot

What are closed skills?

occur in a stable and predictable environment, few adjustments needed

ex: bowling, yoga

What is Gentile’s Multidimensional Classification?

focuses on environmental context (regulatory conditions, intertrial variability) and action requirements (body orientation, manipulation)

What are regulatory conditions?

the condition of the object being worked on

can be stationary and less complex (ex: archery)

can be in motion and more complex (ex: skeet shooting)

What is intertrial variability?

condition differences between trials

none is less complex (ex: t-ball)

present is more complex (ex: golf)

What is body orientation?

completing an action still vs moving

body stability is less complex (ex: foul shot)

body transport is more complex (ex: layup)

What is manipulation?

how you act on an object

none is less complex (ex: sit-up)

manipulation of an object/person is more complex (judo)

What are examples of perceptual-motor abilities?

• control precision

• rate control

• aiming

• response orientation

• reaction time

• manual dexterity

• finger dexterity

• arm-hand steadiness

• wrist and finger speed

What are types of strength?

explosive strength (ex: standing long jump)

static strength (ex: dynamometer: biodex)

trunk strength (ex: pole vaulting)

What are types of flexibility and speed?

extent flexibility (ex: yoga)

dynamic flexibility (ex: squat thrusts)

speed of limb movement (ex: throwing a javelin)

What are types of balance?

static balance (ex: standing still on one foot)

dynamic balance (ex: gymnastics)

balancing objects (ex: circus clown balancing a stick on his nose)

What are types of coordination?

multi-limb coordination (ex: driving a manual car)

gross body coordination (ex: hurdling)

What are types of endurance?

stamina (ex: marathon)

dynamic strength (ex: kayaking)

What are important considerations when preparing any motor response?

sensory information

reaction time

attention

arousal

What is reaction time (RT)?

time between presentation of a stimulus and initiation of a motor response

indicates the speed at which one makes a decision

What is movement time?

time from the initiation of the movement until it has been conpleted

What is response time?

reaction time + movement time

What is the difference between simple reaction time and choice reaction time?

simple = reacting to a single stimulus with a single response(ex: stop sign)

choice = reacting to one of multiple stimuli; requires decision-making process (ex: stop light)

What is the psychological refractory period (PRP)?

delay occurring when 2 stimuli that each require a different response are presented in quick succession

processing a response to the first stimulus delays the ability to process a response to the second stimulus

What are qualities of attention?

capacity — attentional capacity is not limitless

selectivity — attention is selected either intentionally or incidentally

focus — attention is wide or narrow and internal or external

What are single-channel filter theories of attentional capacity?

tasks are accomplished in serial order

the system can process only one task at a time

What are multiple-resource theories of attentional capacity?

several attention mechanisms, each with limited capacity

if tasks require a common mechanism, they will be difficult to perform simultaneously

*ex: cocktail party phenomenon

What is attention direction in focus of attention?

the location of the focus

internal = within the individual

external = in the environment

What is attention width in focus of attention?

the amount or expanse of info attended to by the individual

narrow = attending to 1 or more cues

broad = attending to the entire visual field

What is arousal?

a general physiological and psychological activation, varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement

What is anxiety?

a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body

What is state anxiety?

level of anxiety at a single point in time

ex: having anxiety during a final exam

What is trait anxiety?

a predisposition for anxiety in threatening situations

What is the inverted-U hypothesis?

performance tends to increase as arousal increases but only up to a certain point

once arousal surpasses the individual’s optimal arousal level, performance tends to drop off

“in the zone”

What are sensory contributions?

exteroception and proprioception

What is exteroception?

provides info about the external environment related to the body

ex: vision, audition

What is proprioception?

provides info about the state of the body itself, including the sense of movement and the relationship of body parts to one another

ex: vestibular apparatus, joint receptors, cutaneous receptors, muscles spindles, Golgi tendon organs

What is memory?

the ability to recall things, which allows us to benefit from experience

What is short-term memory?

stored for only 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed

What is working memory?

temporarily stores recently presented material

retrieves info from long-term storage to influence current problem solving, decision making, and movement production

What is long-term memory?

memories that are relatively permanent

What is the information-processing approach?

brain receives, processes, and interprets info

brain is like a computer

uses a GMP

What is the generalized motor program (GMP)?

representation of a pattern of movements that are modifiable to produce a movement outcome

explains the production of skilled movement for the information-processing approach

invariant features: sequence of actions (stride/m), relative timing (steps/min), relative force

parameters: muscle selection, overall duration, overall force

What is closed-loop control?

used for relatively long-duration, continuous activities that provide opportunity to make online corrections based on feedback received during movement

slower, very accurate adjustments can be bade

goes through a feedback system

What is open-loop control?

used for rapid and discrete movements such that the performer needs to preplan the movement by choosing a GMP and then executing the action

rapid, less accurate adjustments can be made

no feedback system

What is the speed-accuracy trade-off?

occurs when individual focuses on either speed or accuracy

focus on speed = compromised accuracy

focus on accuracy = compromised speed

What is the ecological perspective?

internal vs external factors

input-output relay of info from brain to other systems

actions are determined by internal and external factors

What is the dynamic systems theory?

the behavior of systems that exhibit internal states that evolve over time

characterizes movement as a self-organizing process

attractor (stable state), control parameter (cause of change in state), rate limiter (cause of neg change in state), phase shift (change in state)

What is the Mountain of Motor Development?

separate periods build on previous where each one has typical patterns of motor skill development in a particular order

reflexive period, preadapted period, fundamental motor patterns, context-specific motor skills, skillfulness

What is the prenatal period?

2 trimesters

environmental exposures can neg affect future development

What is the reflexive period?

birth to 2 weeks

newborn adjusting to many sensory changes such as bright lights and sounds

What is the preadapted period?

2 weeks to 1 year

development of motor milestones such as sitting upright, standing, and walking

What is the fundamental motor patterns period?

1 to 7 years

acquisition of locomotor and object control skills such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching

lack of proficiency by around age 7 can impede future skillfulness (proficiency barrier)

What is the context-specific motor skills period?

7 to 11 years

motor skills become sport specific (ex: striking is different for golf vs baseball vs tennis)

What is the skillfulness period?

11 years and up

the peak of the mountain

not separated by further levels

What are Fitts & Posner’s learning stages?

cognitive (beginner learner) — learners expend energy to understand how they are supposed to move

associative (intermediate learner) — learners have mastered basic forms of movement and begin to refine their skills with practice

autonomous (advanced learner) — learners perform movements automatically without cognitive energy and can focus on strategy

What are Bernstein’s learning stages?

Stage 1: freezing the limbs — restricts independence of body parts; reduces variability of each body part; increases success

Stage 2: releasing the limbs — increases independence of body parts; decreases constrains on DOF, allowing greater independent motion

Stage 3: exploitation of the environment — maxes mechanical-inertial properties of limbs; requires less info processing and energy costs

What are Gentile’s learning stages?

Stage 1: getting the idea of movement — teach movement, provide demonstration, allow learner to practice from the same position as demonstration, provide feedback

Stage 2a: fixation — vary practice conditions while remaining in closed environment

Stage 2b: diversification — vary practice conditions in open environment (can be combined with any of the fixation-level conditions)

What is closed skills practice?

maintain regulatory conditions (fixation) to promote movement consistency

regulatory conditions bowling ex: length of lane, size of gutters, number of pins, size of pins

What is open skills practice?

vary both regulatory and nonregulatory conditions (diversification) but only after learner performs proficiently under stable regulatory conditions

What are indicators of motor learning?

performance improvement

consistency or stability

persistence

effort

attention

adaptability

*learning takes TIME

What is the difference between learning and performance?

learning = result of permanent change; not observable; must observe performance over long period of time

performance = temporary; nonpermanent changes; observable

When is performance improvement a good indicator of motor learning? When is it not?

good indicator = assessed over long period of time and combines with other factors (consistency, persistence, coordination stability)

bad indicator = performance doesn’t truly show the gains and if improved performance is result of acquisition of bad habits

What is the most common type of performance curve?

negatively accelerative curve

"power law of practice”

What is the ideal type of performance curve?

linear accelerative curve

What are some limitations on performance curves?

performance does not always indicate learning has occurred

performance curves may mask learning effects if there is not observable difference even when there are learning improvements

performance curves provide limited perspective due to averaging effects

averaging effects can also mask individual variability

What are measures of retention?

absolute retention

difference score — amount of loss in skill over the retention interval; difference between performance levels at end of original learning session and beginning of retention test

percentage score — amount of loss in skill over retention interval (difference score) relative to amount of improvement in original learning score

retention savings score — how much time is required after retention interval to return to same level of performance as compared to time required to reach this level during original practice sessions

What are types of learning transfer?

positive transfer — facilitates performance of new task

negative transfer — hinders performance of new task

zero transfer — no effect on performance of new task

What is a game?

any form of playful competition whose outcome is determined by physical skill, strategy, or change employed singly or in a combination

Why is games classification important?

helps promote positive transfer across games from same classification by generalizing similarities

What are primary rules?

rules that characterize the play of the game and how it is won

What are secondary rules?

rules that can be modified without changing the nature of the game