CPD Exam 3

Conduct Problems

Behavioral issues in children characterized by persistent patterns of violating societal norms and the rights of others.

Etiology

The study of the cause or origin of a disorder.

Genetic Predisposition

An increased likelihood of developing a particular trait or disorder based on genetic factors.

Difficult Temperament

A child's disposition characterized by emotional instability and challenges in coping, affecting their relationships and behavior.

Physiological Under-arousal

Reduced sensitivity to punishment and lower ability to experience pleasure, often associated with conduct problems.

Hostile Parenting

Parenting characterized by aggression and inconsistency, failing to model prosocial behavior.

Coercive Family Process

A cycle of escalating commands and child's resistance leading to a breakdown in parent-child interactions.

Low Parental Monitoring

Inadequate supervision and lack of limits set by parents, predicting increased behavior issues in adolescents.

Hostile Attribution Bias

A tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues as malicious or threatening, leading to aggression.

Social Cues

Signals received from social interactions that guide a child's understanding and response in social situations.

PSST (Problem Solving Skills Training)

An intervention aimed at improving children's social problem-solving skills.

Role Play/Rehearsal with Feedback

A treatment method involving acting out situations to practice responses and receive constructive feedback.

Parent Management Training

A treatment method involving four steps to address and reduce disruptive behaviors.

Token Economy System

A behavioral modification method where targeted behaviors are rewarded with tokens or points that can be exchanged for rewards.

Time-Out Procedure

A discipline strategy involving a structured approach to eliminate undesirable behavior by temporarily removing a child from a reinforcing situation.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

A therapy where parents and children attend sessions together to improve parenting skills and child behavior through modeling and reinforcement.

Phase 1 of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

Child-directed phase focusing on praise, reflection, imitation, description, and enthusiasm while ignoring undesirable behaviors.

Phase 2 of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

Caregiver-directed phase focused on increasing realistic expectations and decreasing hostile parenting.

Limitations of Parent Management Training

Requires caregiver participation and may be less effective for older children or adolescents.

Factors affecting treatment effectiveness

The child's age, nature of symptoms, and family context influence the success of treatment.

What does NOT work in treatment?

Individual psychoanalysis, group therapy, and punishment are not effective for conduct problems.

Conduct Problems

Some of the most common diagnoses in mental health clinics, characterized by patterns of behavior that violate social norms.

ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

A conduct problem often diagnosed in childhood, marked by a pattern of angry, irritable, argumentative, or vindictive behavior.

CD (Conduct Disorder)

A more severe conduct problem than ODD, characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or societal norms.

Prevalence Rates for ODD and CD

Communities show prevalence rates of approximately 3-5% for both ODD and CD.

Co-morbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual; ADHD is the most common comorbidity seen with conduct problems.

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A common co-occurring disorder with conduct problems, showing significant overlap, particularly with CD.

Substance Use Problems

Behaviors associated with early substance use which may involve genetic predisposition and environmental factors.

Academic Underachievement

A significant issue associated with conduct problems, where affected individuals often have lower academic performance and negative attitudes towards education.

Patterson’s Dual Failure Model

A theory suggesting that conduct problems lead to social and academic issues, which in turn may cause depression.

Internalizing Disorders

Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety that may co-occur with conduct problems, observed more frequently in girls.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A behavioral disorder in children characterized by angry, irritable mood, argumentative, defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.

Angry/Irritable Mood

A symptom of ODD where the child frequently loses temper, is touchy, easily annoyed, and feels angry or resentful.

Argumentative/Defiant

A symptom of ODD where the child argues with adults, refuses compliance, deliberately annoys others, and blames others.

Vindictiveness

A symptom of ODD characterized by acting out of spite and seeking revenge.

Developmental Progression of Non-compliance Strategies

Strategies including direct defiance, passive non-compliance, and negotiation as children develop.

Impairment in Social/Academic Functioning

A consequence of ODD when children struggle in social and academic settings due to their behavior.

Chronicity Criteria for ODD

Symptoms must last at least 6 months and include interactions with at least one non-sibling.

Non-compliance Behaviors

Behaviors such as tantrums, whining, stealing, aggression, defiance, and lying that are often observed in children.

Self-Assertion

The healthy need for expressing oneself that can lead to conduct problems when taken to the extreme.

Comorbidity with ADHD

The occurrence of ODD alongside Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, which complicates the diagnosis and treatment.

Conduct Disorder

a pattern of behavior in which either the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated

How many symptoms in last 12 months for CD?

at least 3

How many symptoms in last 6 months for CD?

at least 1

Types of CD

Childhood-onset and Adolescent-onset

Characteristics of Childhood-onset

more aggression

limited prosocial emotions

boys > girls

multiple problems

more resistant to treatment

Characteristics of Adolescent-onset

less aggression

more covert behaviors

boys = girls

fewer co-morbidities

less likely to persist

CD Severity: Mild

minimum symptoms

minor harm

CD Severity: Moderate

more symptoms than required

intermediate harm

CD Severity: Severe

many more symptoms than required

considerable harm

the role that hostile parenting plays in the etiology of conduct problems

Hostile parenting significantly contributes to the development and worsening of conduct problems in children, affecting their behavioral and emotional development.

Dodge's social information processing model as a means of explaining why some children show aggressive tendencies

suggests that how children understand social cues and respond to them can affect how likely they are to act aggressively, especially if they misunderstand what others mean.

the proper implementation of the time-out procedure as a means of helping parents manage their children's behaviors

give command, praise compliance

issue warning, praise compliance

issue time-out, release time-out