Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Ap world unit 4 part 1/3 vocab

*Afonso d'Alboquerque*

Portuguese admiral who established fortified trading posts in the Indian Ocean (Goa, Melaka), helping Portugal dominate maritime trade in Asia through force and control of strategic ports.

*Astrolabe*

Navigational instrument used by sailors to determine latitude by measuring the angle of celestial bodies; improved maritime exploration during the Age of Discovery.

*Bartolomeo Dias*

Portuguese explorer who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1488), opening the sea route from Europe to Asia.

*Caravel*

Small, fast, highly maneuverable Portuguese sailing ship with lateen sails; key to exploration along the African coast and across the Atlantic.

*Carrack*

Large, multi-decked Portguese sailing ship used for long ocean voyages; capable of carrying heavy cargo and weapons, crucial to transoceanic exploration.

*Cartography*

The science of mapmaking; improved drastically during this period, enabling more accurate navigation and global exploration.

*Columbian Exchange*

The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492; reshaped global demography, economies, and ecologies.

*Diaspora*

The dispersion of people beyond their homeland; in Unit 4, refers especially to African diasporas due to the transatlantic slave trade.

*East India Company*

English joint-stock company founded in 1600; established trade dominance in India and Southeast Asia, acting as an early form of corporate imperialism.

*Entrepôt*

A port city where goods are imported, stored, and traded; key nodes in global trade networks (e.g., Melaka, Manila).

*Ferdinand Magellan*

Portuguese explorer whose expedition (1519-1522) was the first to circumnavigate the globe, proving the world's vast size and interconnection.

*Fluyt*

Dutch cargo ship designed for maximum cargo capacity and efficiency, helping the Dutch dominate global maritime trade in the 17th century.

*Galleons*

Large, armed Spanish ships used for transoceanic trade, especially between Manila and Acapulco in the Pacific.

*Guanahaní*

The first island in the Americas sighted by Columbus in 1492; inhabited by the Taíno people (likely in the Bahamas).

*Hacienda System*

Spanish colonial system of large estates that produced agricultural goods using coerced labor; similar to feudal manors.

*James Cook*

British explorer who mapped the Pacific (Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii); expanded European geographic knowledge and imperial claims.

*Jan Pieterszoon Coen*

Dutch colonial governor who founded Batavia (Jakarta) in Java; enforced Dutch monopoly on spice trade with violence and control.

*Java*

Island in Indonesia; became the center of Dutch control in Southeast Asia under the VOC.

*Joint Stock Company*

Business structure allowing investors to pool resources for overseas ventures; reduced individual risk and fueled European colonization. English east India and the VOC were the two major ones.

*Lateen sails*

Triangular sails that allowed ships to sail effectively against the wind; key to improved navigation and longer voyages.

*Magnetic compass*

Chinese invention adopted by Europeans to determine direction at sea; crucial for open-ocean navigation.

*Manila*

Spanish colonial port city in the Philippines; key link in trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with the Americas and Europe.

*Manila galleons*

Spanish trading ships that carried silver from the Americas to Asia and returned with luxury goods like silk and spices.

*Melaka*

Strategic trade city in Southeast Asia controlled by Portugal, then the Dutch; a major entrepôt for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade.

*Mercantilism*

Economic theory that wealth (especially gold and silver) was finite; states sought to maximize exports and control colonies to enrich the mother country.

*Miguel López de Legazpi*

Spanish conquistador who established the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines (1565), connecting Spanish America with Asia.

*Prince Henry the Navigator*

Portuguese prince who sponsored maritime exploration along Africa's coast; established navigation schools and advanced geographic knowledge.

*Primogeniture*

European inheritance system giving all property to the eldest son; motivated younger sons to seek wealth in exploration and colonization.

*Sao Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle)*

Portuguese trading post on the Gold Coast (Ghana); major center for the Atlantic slave trade.

*Seven Years' War*

Global conflict (1756-1763) between European powers for colonial dominance; Britain emerged as the leading world power.

*Siberia*

Region of northern Asia conquered by Russia; supplied furs that integrated Russia into global trade networks.

*Sternpost rudder*

Chinese invention adopted by Europeans to improve ship steering and maneuverability.

*Taíno*

Indigenous Caribbean people first encountered by Columbus; devastated by European diseases and exploitation.

*Vasco da Gama*

Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea in 1498; established direct maritime trade between Europe and Asia.

*Vitus Bering*

Danish explorer employed by Russia; explored the Bering Strait and helped expand Russian influence into North America.

*VOC (Dutch East India Company)*

Dutch joint-stock company chartered in 1602; dominated Asian trade through military power and monopolies.

*Volta do mar*

"Return through the sea"; Portuguese navigational strategy using predictable Atlantic winds and currents to return safely to Europe from Africa.