ANAPHY NEURO PART 4

Brain Stem

• Provides pathway for ascending and descending tracts

• - Produce programmed behaviors key for survival

Midbrain

• Extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly

• Cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal) connects the third and fourth ventricles

Pons

• The rounded structure protruding just below the midbrain

• Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

• - Respiratory center

Medulla Oblongata

• The most inferior part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord

• - Includes imp

Reticular Formation

• Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem

• Involved in motor control of visceral organs

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles

Cerebellum

• Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

• Controls balance

Dura mater

Outermost leathery layer

Arachnoid layer

• Middle layer

• Weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pia mater

Subarachnoid space

• is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

• Arachnoid granulations protrude through the dura mater and absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood

epidural hematoma

• between skull and dura mater

• biconvex shape

subdural hematoma

• space between the dura mater and arachnoid layer

  • crescent

Pia mater

• Internal layer

• Clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It plays critical roles in cushioning the CNS, removing waste, and maintaining homeostasis.

Choroid plexuses

capillaries in the ventricles of the brain

The Blood-Brain Barrier

• Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

• Allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass through the capillary walls

• Excludes many potentially harmful substances from entering the brain, such as wastes

Spinal Cord

• Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra'

• Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain

• Protected by vertebrae and meninges

Sympathetic division is also known as?

thoracolumbar division

Ramus

branch of a spinal nerve; contains both motor and sensory fibers

Dorsal rami

serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk

Ventral rami

form the intercostal nerves that supply muscles and skin of the ribs and trunk

Ventral rami (except T1 – T12)

form a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior