Bio H Midterms

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Biology

9th

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110 Terms

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Activation Energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
compound used by cells to store and release energy
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Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
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Alcohol Fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
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Amine Group
Contains nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms
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Amino Acid
compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
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Anabolic
A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
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Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
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Atom
Smallest particle of an element
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Carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; short term energy
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Carbon Dioxide
CO2
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Carboxyl group
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
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Catabolic
A process in which large molecules are broken down
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Catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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Cellular Respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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Chemical Bond
the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
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Chemical Energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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Covalent Bond
a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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Dehydration Synthesis
a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
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Electron
negatively charged particle
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Electron Transport Chain
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
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Element
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
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Enzyme
protein that acts as a biological catalyst
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Fermentation
a reaction that makes ATP without oxygen
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Glucose
C6H12O6
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Glycolysis
the first step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate
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Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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Hydrogen Bond
weak bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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Hydrolysis
a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.
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Hydroxyl group
-OH
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Ionic Bond
a bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Isotope
atoms with the same amount of protons but different amount of neutrons
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Isomer
compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
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Krebs Cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
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lactic acid fermentation
A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce
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Law of Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms
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Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
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Lipids
macromolecule made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms; long term energy
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Macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
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Metabolism
the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
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mitochondria
Organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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Molecular Formula
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
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Molecular Structure
the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
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Monosaccharide
A simple sugar molecule (ex. glucose or fructose)
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NADH, NAD+
electron carriers in cellular respiration
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negative feedback mechanism
causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which a stimulus is moving it
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Neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Nucleic acid
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; polymer of nucleotides
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Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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Organic
Contains carbon
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Output
The results of the operation of any system.
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Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
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Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many monomers linked together.
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Polysaccharide
large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
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Primary Structure
the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
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Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
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Protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
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Proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Pyruvate
Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.
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Quaternary Structure
the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
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R Group
a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
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Reactant
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
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Reduction
gain of electrons
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Response
a reaction to a stimulus
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Secondary Structure
the coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
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Stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
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Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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Tertiary Structure
the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
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Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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Valence shell
outermost electron shell
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Valence electron
Electrons on the outermost level of an atom
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Nitrogenous bases in DNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
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oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose
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Abiotic
Non-living
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Atmosphere
A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet
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autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food
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biogeochemical cycle
the movements of matter within and between ecosystems
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biomass
the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
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biotic
living
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Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build sugars
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carbon cycle
the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
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carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
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Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
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Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
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Decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
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Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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energy pyramid
shows the amount of energy in an ecosystem moves from one trophic level to another
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food chain
series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
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food web
several interrelated food chains
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fossil fuels
a natural fuel formed from the remains of living organisms.
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greenhouse effect
Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
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Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes
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light energy
Energy in the form of moving waves of light
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light reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
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photon
a particle of light
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Photosynthesis
process by which some organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
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Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O \> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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primary producers
the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms