wetlands 2

organic matter- carbon

very strong coloring agent: makes soil dark/black colored

iron, sulfur, manganese

iron is dominant element in soils when well aerated iron oxides (rust) coat particles giving soil a yellowish-brown to reddish color

hue

dominant spectral color

value

degree of light/dark of color in relation to a neutral gray scale

chroma

strength of hue

glaciers

sculpt and carve landscapes by eroding the land beneath them and by depositing rocks and sediment, leave deposits of slowly permeable "till", new drainage begins to form, remnant ponds/lakes/bogs

floods

extreme river flows lead to risng water that becomes turbulent

• increase energy to lift and convey materials

• overbank flows rapidly slow and materials settle

riverbank evolution

velocity differences on inner and outer bends of rivers, sand and gravel bars

-material builds up to create a berm-slough topography

-deposits frist encourage wetland area, but may eventually isolate if river is incised

floodplains

accumulate sediment from high flows

-often fine sediment to reduce infiltration

-sandy along edge of floodplain

-usually emergent vegetation dominates early

-distant channels can eventually support forests and river berms isolate floodplain

tide

rising seas caused what

esturaries to flood river valleys, barrier island flooding lowlands are replaced by salt marshes, vegetation --> open water

Hydrarch Succession process

pioneer species --> early succession --> late succession --> climax forest

hydrarch succession explanation

-depression fills w/ surface water

-aquatic plants colonize

-plant remains build peat, raise bottom

-marsh plants replace aquatics

-peat continues to fill

-forest replacement

allogenic

environmental controls outcome

autogenic

biology controls outcome

paludification

peat forms on previously drier, vegetated habitats situated on inorganic soils, typically due to a rise in the regional water table and climatic changes, occurring in the absence of a body of water

vegetation occurs in recognizable and characteristic:

community

community change through time is product of:

biology

changes are ____ and directed towards mature and stable _

linear, climax ecosystem

The distribution of species is governed by:

environment

biota on site determine their own future by modifying their own environment

autogenic ex beavers

ecosystem response is response to external environment

allogenic

chronosequence

most examples of succession are based on observed zonation pattern

hydroperiod

-depth of water at surface to water table

-frequency and time between wet episodes

-duration and how long water persists

Persistence of water's influence on soils and vegetation

-climatology (precipitaiton and storms)

-physical oceanography/limonology

-geology- groundwater and stratigraphy

-soil- infiltration and percoloation

-ecology- water use and storage

water budget

input-output= change in storage

gains-losses= changes to water level

primary succession

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

species stability

an ecosystem's ability to withstand and recover from disturbances, maintain its structure, and continue functioning over time

directed change

ecosystem change that has a consistent direction or goal, often toward a climax community or equilibrium state.

linear change

change that occurs at a constant rate or in one steady direction — it doesn't loop back or stabilize.