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Orexin

________ also projects to the REM- OFF neurons in the midbrain, keeping the REM circuitry off during wakefulness.

SCN

The ________ projects to the pineal gland, inducing the release of melatonin and promoting sleep.

Infradian

________: patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs less frequently than once per day.

Circadian

________: patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs approximately once per day.

Birds

________ and mammals are the only group of animals that experience the characteristic REM /NREM sleep cycles with which we humans are familiar.

Ultradian

________: patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs more frequently than once per day.

Dysfunction of the endogenous clock

________ can lead to sleep phase disorders, such as delayed or advanced sleep phase disorders, which drive people to fall asleep before dark or stay awake well past dark.

Caffeine

(________ is a neuroactive drug that blocks these receptors, at least temporarily)

vlPOA

The ________ can be activated by several different signals (or many in combination)

Orexinergic neurons

________ in the LH also stimulate the pathways in the pons (PPT) and midbrain (LTN) which project to and excite the thalamus, increasing awareness of sensory inputs.

biological clock

The internal (endogenous) ________ is centered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.

REM sleep

________ is characterized by rapid eye movement under the eyelids, however several unique physiological changes occur during REM.

Accumulation of adenosine

________ during wakefulness stimulates the vlPOA directly, as the neurons there contain adenosine receptors.

Sleep

________ is a biological imperative, and deprivation has drastic effects, up to and including death (see fatal familial insomnia)

period of quiescence

All animals experience some form of sleep, if we define sleep as a(n) ________.

Memory consolidation

________ occurs during sleep, with non- declarative memory most improved during REM and declarative memory most improved during NREM.

Emotion processing

________: the amygdala is overactive during and after an emotional trauma.

SCN

The ________ sits just superior to the optic chiasm (hence the name) which corresponds to the influence of light cues (see Zeitgebers)

REM sleep

During ________, brain activity resembles Stage 1 or even wakeful EEGs, though some characteristic patterns such as sawtooth waves distinguish it from other stages.

Ultradian

patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs more frequently than once per day

Infradian

patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs less frequently than once per day

Circadian

patterns of behavior or biological cycling that occurs approximately once per day

Emotion processing

the amygdala is overactive during and after an emotional trauma