Industrialization 24-25 wh

Characteristics of slavery in Africa prior to the Atlantic slave trade

Before the Atlantic trade, slavery in Africa often involved prisoners of war, debtors, or criminals. Enslaved people were usually integrated into households, could marry, own property, and sometimes earn freedom. It was not based on race and was generally not lifelong or hereditary like later chattel slavery.

Why did Europeans desire African slaves?

Europeans wanted African slaves because Native American labor declined due to disease and harsh treatment. Africans had resistance to Old World diseases, experience in tropical agriculture, and could be obtained through existing African trade networks.

Total number of Africans transported to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade

About 12 to 13 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic between the 1500s and 1800s.

Voyage of African slaves to the West Indies and the Americas

It was called the Middle Passage.

Role of Africans in the slave trade

Some African rulers and merchants captured and sold other Africans (often war captives) to European traders in exchange for goods. Others resisted or tried to limit the trade.

Larger network that the Atlantic slave trade was part of

It was part of the triangular trade, connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Columbian Exchange: Americas to Old World

From the Americas to the Old World: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cacao, tobacco, and turkeys.

Columbian Exchange: Old World to Americas

From the Old World to the Americas: wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and diseases like smallpox.

Mercantilism: increasing a nation's wealth

By maintaining a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than importing) and accumulating gold and silver through control of colonies and trade routes.

Main purpose of joint stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s

To allow investors to pool money for expensive overseas ventures—like colonization and trade—while sharing profits and risks.

Role of colonies in mercantilism

Colonies provided raw materials to the mother country and served as markets for manufactured goods.

Agricultural changes in England during the 1600s

New farming methods (enclosure, crop rotation, selective breeding) increased food supply and productivity, led to population growth, and freed laborers to work in factories.

Crop rotation system in Britain during the agricultural revolution

It prevented soil exhaustion by rotating crops (e.g., wheat, turnips, barley, clover) that replenished nutrients, allowing continuous farming without fallow land.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant industrial growth and technological advancement that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.

Industrial Revolution

A period (late 1700s-1800s) when major technological, economic, and social changes transformed societies from agricultural to industrial and machine-based production.

Reasons for England's Industrialization

Abundant coal and iron, capital for investment, a stable government, colonies for markets and resources, good transport (rivers, canals), and many inventors.

Factors of Production

Land (natural resources), Labor (workers), and Capital (money, machines, buildings).

First Industry to Industrialize in England

The textile industry.

Cotton Gin

An invention that led to the expansion of slavery in America, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

James Watt

Developed a faster and more efficient steam engine.

Impact of Railroads

Reduced transport costs, boosted trade and industry, created jobs, connected cities, and encouraged westward expansion and urban growth.

Urbanization

The growth of cities and movement of people from rural areas to urban centers.

Increase in Urban Population (19th Century)

Because industrialization created factory jobs that drew people from rural areas into cities.

Decreased Life Expectancy in Urban Areas

Caused by overcrowding, poor sanitation, polluted air and water, dangerous working conditions, and disease outbreaks.

Middle Class

The social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

New jobs, technological progress, increased production, cheaper goods, improved transportation, and a rise in overall standard of living (in the long term).

Societal Changes from Industrial Revolution

Urbanization, rise of middle and working classes, changes in family roles, labor unions, and education reforms.

Britain's Industrial Secrets

Britain forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country.

Samuel Slater

Memorized plans for a spinning machine and emigrated to the United States.

Expansion of Industry in the U.S. (Post-Civil War)

Due to abundant natural resources, large labor force, railroads, new inventions, and increased investment capital.

Benefits of Being a Stockholder

Stockholders shared in profits but weren't personally responsible for business debts.

Germany's Industrial Growth

Had plenty of coal in the Ruhr Valley, imported British equipment and engineers, and became a great military and industrial power by the late 19th century.

Imperialism

Extending one country's rule over other countries.

Louis Pasteur's research into germ theory

He proved that bacteria cause disease, leading to improved sanitation, vaccines, and public health.

Henry Ford's most important contribution

He introduced the assembly line for mass production.

Reasons for the rise of mass culture during the Industrial Revolution

Higher literacy, shorter work hours, public education, and mass printing/production made newspapers, books, and entertainment widely available.

Scientific advancements that improved public health during the Industrial Revolution

Germ theory, vaccines, pasteurization, antiseptics, and improved sewage and water systems.

Natural selection

Charles Darwin's theory that species evolve over time as individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce.

Psychoanalysis

The therapy developed by Sigmund Freud which helped people deal with their inner conflicts.

The Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith defending the free market system of capitalism.

Laissez-faire

An economic policy meaning 'let do' — minimal government interference in business and the economy.

Utilitarianism

A philosophy stating that government policies should promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Nineteenth century socialists' belief

They believed that government should actively plan the economy and distribute resources to reduce inequality and improve working conditions.

Long-term effects of The Communist Manifesto

It inspired socialist and communist movements worldwide, leading to revolutions and labor reforms.

Issues labor unions responded to in the nineteenth century

Low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, and child labor.

Reform movements of the 19th century

Labor reform, women's rights, abolition of slavery, education reform, and prison reform movements.

Romanticism

An artistic movement that arose as a reaction against Classicism's emphasis on reason.

Main ideals of Romanticism

Emotion, nature, imagination, individuality, and glorification of the past and common people.

Important Romantic composers

Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Frédéric Chopin, and Richard Wagner.

Social criticism in Charles Dickens's novels

A response to the harsh working and living conditions of the poor during the Industrial Revolution.

Impressionists' reaction

They reacted against Realism and traditional academic art, focusing instead on light, color, and the fleeting effects of nature.