SL Interaction and Independence: Molecules

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

Phosphorylation

how ATP is regenerated from ADP

What kind of process is phosphorylation?

Endergonic process

ATP Hydrolysis

ATP creates ADP by using a water molecule to break the bond between phosphate molecules

What kind of process is ATP Hydrolysis?

Exergonic process

Outer Membrane

contains transport proteins for shutting pyruvate into the mitochondrion

Inner Membrane

contains the Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

Cristae

located in the inner membrane

highly folded to increase the SA:V ratio

Intermembrane Space

between the two membranes, allows for easy accumulation

Mitochondrial Matrix

inside the inner membrane, separate space with ideal pH and enzymes for specific reactions

Aerobic Cellular Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

Waste Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

CO2 and H2O

Heterotroph

organisms that must get their energy from other organisms because they cannot produce their own organic molecules

NAD+/NADH

can carry 2 electrons

FAD/FADH2

can carry 3 electrons

Glycolysis

breakdown of sugar

Glycolysis location

occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Glycolysis inputs

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

Glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Energy Investment Phase

2 ATP molecules are used to begin the process of glycolysis

Energy Payoff Phase

we end with pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP

Link Reaction

conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Link Reaction location

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Link Reaction inputs

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+

Link Reaction Outputs

2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Link Reaction waste product

CO2

Krebs Cycle

final breakdown of glucose

Krebs Cycle location

happens in the mitochondrial matrix

Krebs Cycle inputs

Acetyl-CoA

Krebs Cycle outputs

2 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

transfer of electron energy to oxygen to produce ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation location

protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane

on the Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative Phosphorylation inputs

electrons from electron carriers

Electron Transport Chain

creates energy from electrons transferred down the chain, generating ATP

Final Electron Acceptor

O2 combines with the electrons and picks up protons, creating H2O

Versatility of Catabolism

while we focus on glucose being the starting molecule for cellular respiration, other organic molecules can also be used

Shorter Wavelengths

reflect violet visible light

Longer Wavelengths

reflect red visible light

Pigment

molecules that absorb light

Absorption Spectrum

the wavelengths of light absorbed by a particular substance or pigments

Chlorophyll

major photosynthetic pigment

Accessory Pigments

caretenoids, xanthophyll

Action Spectrum

a graphical representation that shows the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis

Chromatography

separates mixtures of substances as they move up the paper

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 +12H2O = C6H12O6 +6H2O + 6O2

Autotroph

organism that makes its own organic molecules

Photoautotroph

uses light to make its own organic molecules

Light Reaction

conversion of H2O into ATP, NADPH, and O2 using light energy

Light Reaction location

occurs in the thylakoid membrane

Light Reaction inputs

sunlight, water, ADP, NADP

Light Reaction outputs

O2, ATP, NADPH

Photosystems

integral protein complexes

Photophosphorylation

ADP is phosphorylated into ATP using light energy

Photolysis

the process of using light energy to break water molecules in order to replace missing electrons in the photosystem

Calvin Cycle

conversion of CO2 from the atmosphere into sugars

Why is the Calvin Cycle sometimes called a light independent reaction?

it doesn’t directly use the sunlight

Calvin Cycle location

occurs in the stroma

Calvin Cycle inputs

CO2 from the atmosphere, energy which is provided by the ATP created during the light reaction, electrons which are provided by the NADPH created during the light reactions

Calvin Cycle outputs

conversion into sugars, some carbon compounds will remain in the cycle and regenerate the starting materials

Carbon Fixation

the process of attaching a CO2 to a carbon compound

RuBiSCo

most abundant enzyme on earth

catalyzes the carbon fixation process

Light Intensity

a maximum rate is reached after steadily increasing because photosystems are full

CO2 Concentration

a maximum rate is reached after steadily increasing because RuBiSCo is full or the enzymes are busy

Temperature

an increase in temperature causes an increase in rate of photosynthesis until the optimum temperature because the rate drops due to the enzyme denaturation

Greenhouse CO2 Enrichment Experiment

tighter control, but artificial environment

FACE CO2 Enrichment Experiment

carried out in a natural ecosystem, but expensive and harder to control

Process of Endosymbiosis

one bacteria engulfs the other, having it live inside it, both benefit from the arrangement

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

Eukaryotic Mitochondrion/Chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes, similar to the prokaryotes engulfed

Mitochondria have naked and circular DNA

Mitochondria have a double membrane

They can replicate independently from the rest of the cell

Monosaccharides

1 sugar ring

Alpha Glucose

OH is below the ring

Beta Glucose

OH is above the ring

Disaccharides

2 sugar rings

Glycosidic Linkages

how monosaccharides are joined together

Polysaccharides

10+ sugar rings

Starch

Alpha Glucose

highly-branched polysaccharide

Amylose

linear polysaccharide

1-4 glycosidic linkages

Amylopectin

partially-branched polysaccharide

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages

Glycogen

Alpha Glucose

highly-branched polysaccharide

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages

Cellulose

Beta Glucose

linear polysaccharide

1-4 glycosidic linkages

Anaerobic Respiration

done of O2 is present

goal is to regenerate NAD+ in order to allow glycolysis to continue under anaerobic condition

Anaerobic Respiration location

occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Lactic Acid Fermentaiton inputs

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

Lactic Acid Fermentation outputs

2 NADH+, Lactate

Lactic Acid Fermentation organisms

humans, animals, and other bacteria

Lactic Acid Fermentation uses

yoghurt, kimchi, cheese, pickles

Alcohol Fermentation inputs

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

Alcohol Fermentation outputs

2 NAD+, Ethanol, CO2

Alcohol Fermentation organisms

yeast and other bacteria

Alcohol Fermentation uses

baking bread, alcoholic be

Anaerobic Respiration pros

produces ATP in the absence of O2, faster, doesn’t require special structures (Electron Transport Chain)

Anaerobic Respiration cons

much fewer ATP produced than aerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration pros

much more ATP is produced

Aerobic Respiration cons

requires O2, requires special structures (Electron Transport Chain), slower