Untitled Flashcards Set

Chemical Reactions

Processes where substances (reactants) transform into different substances (products).

Valency

The combining power of an element, indicating how many atoms of another element it can bond with.

Equations

Representations of chemical reactions showing the relationships between reactants and products.

Changes

Differentiating between physical changes (substances remain the same) and chemical changes (formation of new substances).

Acids

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solutions.

Bases

Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solutions.

Combustion Reaction

A type of chemical reaction involving the burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen.

Synthesis Reaction

A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where a single compound breaks down into simpler substances.

Single Replacement Reaction

A reaction where one element replaces another in a compound.

Double Replacement Reaction

A reaction where two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.

Chemical Change

A process that results in the formation of new substances with different properties.

Physical Change

A change in the state or appearance of a substance that does not alter its chemical composition.

Catalysts

Substances that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Inhibitors

Substances that slow down or prevent chemical reactions.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Ensuring the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of a chemical equation.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base, resulting in the formation of salt and water.

Bio-chemicals

Chemicals derived from biological materials that support sustainability.

Periodic Table

A table that organizes all known elements by increasing atomic number and their properties.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons.

Criss-Cross Rule

A method used to determine the formula of ionic compounds by crossing over the valencies of the ions.

Synthesis Example

N₂ + 3 H₂ → 2 NH₃ illustrates the formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

Decomposition Example

2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂ shows water broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

Reaction Types

Broad classifications of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Energy Changes

Variations in energy that occur during chemical reactions.

Reactants

The initial substances involved in a chemical reaction before transformation.

Products

The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Hydrogen Ion

An ion formed when a hydrogen atom loses an electron, represented as H⁺.

Hydroxide Ion

An ion formed when a hydroxide group releases an electron, represented as OH⁻.

pH Scale

A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Salts

Compounds formed from the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base.

Oxidation

A process involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.

Reduction

A process involving the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.

Conservation of Mass

A principle stating that mass in a closed system cannot be created or destroyed.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol using microorganisms.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods with carbon dioxide and water.

Rusting

A chemical process where iron reacts with oxygen and water to form iron oxide, commonly known as rust.

Indicators

Substances that change color to signify the presence of an acid or a base.

Energy Efficiency

The goal of using less energy to provide the same service or achieve the same result.

Cleaning Agents

Substances used to remove dirt and stains, often containing acids or bases.

Food Preservation

Methods employed to prolong the shelf life of food products, often involving chemical reactions.