Developments in Europe (1200–1450)

What religion dominated medieval European life

Christianity (specifically Catholicism)

What role did the Catholic Church play in medieval Europe

It led religious

How were Jewish people treated in medieval Europe

They contributed to trade and scholarship but faced heavy discrimination

Why was there coexistence of religions in Spain

Because of its history under Islamic rule

What was the Scholastic Movement

A school of thought combining Christian theology with Aristotelian logic

Who was the leader of the Scholastic Movement

Thomas Aquinas

What type of government dominated Europe in this era

Decentralized monarchies

What is feudalism

A political and social system with kings

What was the manorial system

A socio-economic system where peasants worked land owned by lords for protection and food

What was the Magna Carta

A document signed in 1215 that limited the power of the English king

What kind of labor systems did European agriculture rely on

Free and coerced labor

What is serfdom

A system where peasants were legally bound to the land and owed labor to lords

What agricultural innovations helped European farming

The heavy plow and three-field system

Why was Europe vulnerable to crisis

Its economy was based mostly on agriculture

What major disease struck Europe between 1347–1351

The Black Death

What impact did the Black Death have on Europe

It reduced the population and weakened feudalism

What was the Hundred Years' War

A long conflict between England and France from 1337–1453

How did the Hundred Years' War impact Europe

It challenged the feudal structure and led to more centralized monarchies

What were peasant revolts

Uprisings caused by labor discontent and harsh conditions

What were guilds in medieval towns

Economic associations or trade "clubs" that controlled prices

How did towns and guilds help the economy

They diversified and strengthened local economies